in 



Outline 



of the 



History 



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Copy 1 



United States 



By Hauser 



AN OUTLINE 

of the 



1)esigned as an aid to Teachers and Pupils 
in Studying the Same by Topics 



JAMES J. HAUSER 

./lulhor of a History of Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, Member oj 

Penns^hania German Society, and Lehigh County 

(Pennslyoania) Historical Society 



OLIVER A. lOBST. PRINTER 



ALLENTOWN, PENNA. 
1912 



Copyright 1912 

by 

James J. Hauser 



^CI.A'S2r,444 



PREFACE. 



Few words are needed to introduce this little volume. The author 
in his experience in the school room for many years has felt the need of 
an outline adapted to the school work of all grades in teaching history of 
the United States thoroughly, the correct outlines of the different epochs 
or periods and the leading principles of the same as taught in our public 
schools. 

Such an outline the author believes this one to be. 

While not complete in itself, by a little explanation of the sub- 
jects on the part of the teacher and a careful study of the outline on the 
part of the pupil, a fair knowledge of the history of the United States 
may be gained. 

This little work is calculated as a supplementary work to the or- 
dinary text books. It is so arranged as to save much unnecessary work 
on the part of the pupil, and' in the hands of a competent teacher, a vast 
amount of historical knowledge can be gained. 

Only a few topics should be assigned at each lesson, and a repro- 
duction of the outline by the pupils put upon the blackboard or written 
upon paper every day or recitation. All dates should be memorized. 
Outlines are finger boards to guide the pupils where to look and to point 
out to him just the things for which he should look in any ordinary text 
book. 

Grateful acknowledgment in preparing the work is made to Prof. 
A. I. Reinhard of Hellertown, Pa. ; Prof. George A. Grim, Superinten- 
dent of schools of Northampton County, Pa. ; Mrs. S. Gorr Martz, Prof. 
Geo. T. Ettinger and Oliver A. lobst of Allentown, Pa., for valuable 
aid and suggestions. 

That the teachers and pupils may find this little volume a valuable 
help in preparing and studying our Country's history is the wish ai their 
fellow co-laborer. 

JAMES J. HAUSER, 

July 31, 1912. Macungie, Pa. 



EPOCHS. 

1. Aborigines. 

2. Discoveries. 

3. Settlements of the Colonies. 

4. Inter-Colonial AVars. 

5. Revolutionary War. 

6. Constitutional Period. 

7. Civil War. 

8. Reconstruction Period. 

9. Development of the Country since 1869. 
10. United States as a World Power. 



OUTLINE OF UNITED STATES HISTORY. 

Aborigines. Discoveries. Explorations. Early 
Settlements. Colonies. Intercolonial Wars. French and 
Indian Wars. Progress. Revolntionary Period. Admin- 
istrations. War of 1812. Mexican War. Civil War. 
Spanish and American War. New States, 35 neAV States; 
name them. In Area, Louisiana Purchase (1803) $15,- 
000,000; Spanish Florida (1819) $5,000,000; Texas, 
(1845) annexation; California, 1848, (conquest); Gad- 
son Purchase (1853) $10,000,000; Alaska Purchase, 
(1867) $7,200,000; Philippine Islands, Porto Rico, (con- 
quest. Population, 2,000,000 to 93,000,000. Productions. 
Agriculture. Manufactures. Invention, Lightning Rod, 
Franklin, 1752; Cottongin, Whitney, 1792; Steam Boat, 
Fulton, 1807; Railroad, 1827; Telegraph, 1844, Morse; 
Atlantic Cable, C. W. I^ield, 1867; Telephone, Bell, 1876- 
1877; machinery. Intellectually. Common Schools; 
High Schools; Colleges; Newspapers; Books. Fine. 
Arts, Painting; Sculpture. Morally. Governmental, 
Science, Churches; Bible Societies, Asylums, Hospitals. 
Authors, Lexicographers, Historians, Poets, Science, Ped- 
agogical, Grammarians, Geographers, Novelists. Ora- 
tors, Statesmen, Political, Rhetorical. 

ABORIGINES— Prehistoric Races; Mound Builders 
and Pueblos; Indians; Origins; Families or Tribes, Al- 
gonquoin, Mobilian, Iroquois, Huron, Lucaroras, Uchels, 
Cherokees, Catawbas, Dakotas; Remains; Personal Ap- 
pearance; Mode of Living; Food; Hospitality; Marriage 
Customs; Family Relation; Education; Wars; Govern- 
ment ; Mode of Burial ; Religion ; Character. 

Algonquins — Shawnees, Delawares, Powhatan Confed- 
eracy, Susquehannahs, Nanticokes, Manahocks, Ottawas, 
Monacans, Corees, Pamlicees, Mohicans, Pequods, Mam- 
ies, Piawbeashaws, Weas, Kickapoos, Pottawotomies, Il- 
linois, Sacs and Foxes Menomonies, Pamblicoes, Corees. 



Mo})ilian — Cheraws, Santees, Yamassees, Coweta, Mus- 
(•op:ees or Creeks, Serainoles, Apalachians, • Choctaws, 
Cliickasaws, Natchez. 

Iroquois — Mohawks, Oiieidn^. Onondagas, Cayugas, 
Senecas, Andastas, Eries. 

Hurons — Wyandots, Hnrons, Neuters, Ottawas, Win- 
iiebagoes, Sioux. 

Dakotas — Qua Paws. 

TERRITORIAL— Algonquins, central part of 
North America or IT. S. and Canada. ^I obi 1 inn, Cataw- 
ba's, Tuscaroras, Clierokeos and Uchers, tlie Southern 
])art of the United States. Iroquois, the Northern part of 
the United States. Huron, Canada and Nortli Central 
States. 

COLUMBUS— Birtli, i43G; Aid; Outfit; Discovery, 
1492, West Indies; Second voyage, 14J).S; Third voyage, 
tSouth America; Fourtli voyage, 150(i; Death, 1506; Bur- 
ial places, Seville,, San Domingo, Havana, Si)ain. 

CABOT, 1497, North America, descri]ition of liis 
voyage, places explored. 

Vespucci — Description of the country, 1499, name. 

EXPLORATIONS— Spanish, French, English, 
Dutch. 

Spanish — Ponce de Leon, Florida, 15] :j; Balboa, Pa- 
cific Ocean, 1513; Cordova, 1517, Mexico; Cortez, con- 
quered Mexico, 1521; Magellan, circumnavigated tljo 
globe, 1520; Narvaez, exjjiorcd the coast of South Caro- 
lina, 1528; De Soto, Mississippi River, 1541: Melendez, 
St. Augustine, 1565. 

French — Verrazzani, east coast of United States, 
1524; Cartier, St. Lawrence Gulf and River, 1534; Colig- 



ny, settlement in Florida, 1562 ; De Gourges, punished the 
Spanish, 1567; De Monts, Port Royal, 1604; Champlain, 
Lake Champlain, 1608; La Salle; Marquette and Joliet; 
results of these explorations. 

English. — Frobisher, tried to find N. W. Passage, 
1516; Sir Francis Drake, circumnavigated the globe sec- 
ond time, 1579 ; Humphrey Gilbert, tried to plant a col- 
ony in America, 1583 ; Walter Raleigh, 1584-1585, tried to 
make settlement in America ; Bartholomew Gosnold, Cape 
Cod, 1602; London Company, 1606, formed; Plymouth 
Company, 1606, formed; result. 

Dutch. — Henry Hudson, Hudson River, 1609; result. 

EARLY SETTLEMENT.— Spanish, West Indies; 
Isthmus of Panama, 1510; Mexico, 1521; St. Augustine, 
1565; Santa Fe, 1582; San Diego, 1769. 

French — Quebec, 1541; South Carolina, 1562; Flor- 
ida, 1564; Acadia, 1605; Canada, 1608. 

English. — ^New Foundland, 1583; Roanoke Island, 
1584; Virginia, 1607. 

COLONIES.— When, 1607; where, Jamestown; by 
whom, English. 

VIRGINIA. — Important events, domestic, Tobacco, 
1610; Slavery, 1620; Pocohontas. Foreign, Navigation 
Act, 1660. Starving time, 1610. Character of the Peo- 
ple, Progress, Population; Agriculture, imports, ex- 
ports; Commerce; Education, William and Mary Col- 
lege. Wars, Bacon's Rebellion, First Indian War, Sec- 
nd Indian War, cause, time, battles, length, commanders, 
results, treaty. Government, First Charter, 1607 ; Second 
Charter, 1609; Third Charter, 1612; First Assembly 1619, 



Tneidents; Written Constitution, 1G21. Noted Men, Julm 
Smith, Captain Newport, Lord Delaware, John Rolfe 
rowliatan, Nathaniel Bacen. ' 

MASSACHUSETTS.-When, (ir.20); Where Plv 
niouth; By whoin The English; Sufferings of the Colon- 
ists. Events, Religious Persecutions; Roger Williams 
banished; Anne Hutchison banisliod; Quakeis l)nnislied- 
Salem's Witchcraft, 1692; Union of th^ Colonies, KA'S- 
Charter revoked; New Charter. Character of the People 
Irogress Agriculture, Manufactures, Education. Har- 

time, (1645,) battles, commanders, results, treaty, inci- 
dents. Democrat, Charter, Legislature. Salem settled 
)orchester settled, Cambridge settled, L-.nn settled, Rox- 
bury set led Eminent Men, John (^)r^■er, William Brad- 

R ' '^w-n-^°'^'??^^' '^'"^ Winthrop, Kdnmnd Andrr.. 
Roger Williams, Rev. J. Harvard, Rev. John Ellioti. 

CONNECTICUT.-When, 1633; Where, Windsor- 
B>; whom, English. Colonies, Connecticut, Hartford' 
Windsor Weathersfield; New Haven; Saybrooke 
Events, (barter Oak, Charter. Progress Agricultur • 
ommerce Manutacture, Education, Yale College, Popu-' 
ation. War, Pequod, cause, time 1637, battles 2- 
manders, result, reaty, incidents. Eminent A[on, Rev 

Captain Wadsworth, John Davenport, Theo. Eaton. 

RHODE ISLAND.-When, 1636, Where, Provi- 
Ev;.nr J .^ """': ^%'^'' Williams. Character of iVople. 
Ev n s Ralston to Massachusetts; Settlement disnu os 
in a'"' 1 /^^«P'*'^tary, Charter, Changes, Con'stitu-' 
tior. Assembly. Progress, Agriculture, Conirrieice ex- 
ports, imports; Education, Brown lTniv;rsitv; MaimfLc- 

luS.isoli'rwr" M '?;"' ^^^^^^«' ««^- Williams Vnm. 
uuKtiiison, Cotton M.itlior. 



NEW HAMPSHIRE.— When, 1623, Where, Dover, 
By whom, English. Progress, Agriculture, Commerce, 
Education Population. Character of the Settlers. Gov- 
ernment, Charter, Proprietary, Assembl5^ Events, Sev- 
eral Proprietaries, Ro^'al Province, Dispute between 
Maine and Massachusetts. Noted Men, Capt. John Mas- 
on, Sir Edmund Andros, Duke of Ironmouth. 

NEW YORK.— When, 1614, Where, Manhattan Is- 
land, By whom, Dutch. Government, Proprietary, Char- 
ter, Assembly. Events, Captured by the English; Res- 
toration; Representation granted; Representation pro- 
hibited; Uprising of the people; Leisler and Melborne ex- 
ecuted; Union of the Five Nations. Character of the 
People. Progress, Agriculture, Commerce, Education, 
Population. Noted Men, Van T wilier, Wm. Kieft, Peter 
Stuyvesant, Duke of York, Andros, Sloughter. 

PENNSYLVANIA.— When, 1682; Where, Philadel- 
phia; By whom, William Penn. Character of the People. 
Government, Proprietary, Charter, Assembly, Constitu- 
tion. Events, Treaty with Indians; Penn's return to 
England; Discussions; New Charter; Penn's return to the 
Colony; Mason and Dixon's Line. Progress, Agriculture, 
Commerce, exports, imports; Education, Newspapers; 
Population. Noted Men, William Penn, William Mark- 
ham Penn 's Sons. 

DELAWARE.— When, 1638; Where, Wilmington; 
By whom, Swedes. Character of the People. Progress. 
Important Events. Government, Proprietary, Charter, 
Assembly. 

MARYLAND.— When, 1634; Where, St. Marys; By 
whom, English, (Lord Baltimore.) Character of the 
People. Government, Proprietary, Charter, Assembly. 
Events, Clayborne 's Rebellion ; Toleration Act ; Disf ranch- 
ment of the Catholics; Civil War; Second Religious War; 
Royal Province. Progress, Agriculture, Commerce, ex- 



ports, imports; EdiK-ation, Schools, Colleges; Population. 
Noted Men, Lord Baltimore, Leonard Calvert, Charles 
Calvert. 

NORTH CAROLINA.— When, 1650; Where, Alber- 
marle; By whom, English. Government, Proprietary, 
Charter, Grand Model, Assembly. Character of the Peo- 
l)le. Events, Culpep})er's Revolt; Indian Massacre; Di- 
vision of Colony. Progress, Agriculture, Commerce, ex- 
ports, imports; Education, Population. Eminent Men, 
Lord Clarendon, William Sayle, Seth Sothel. 

SOUTH CAROLINA.— When, 1670; Where, Ashley 
River; By whom, English. Government, Proprietary, 
Charter, Assembly. Character of the People. Events, 
Slavery Introduced, 1682; Rebellion; Rice, 1694; Expedi- 
tion to St. Augustine; Expedition to Charleston; Indian 
War; Royal Province. Progress, Agriculture, Com- 
merce, exports, imports; Education, Population. Emi- 
nent Men, Gov. Colleton, Sir John Yeamans, Gov. More, 
Gov. Craven. 

GEORGIA.— When, 1733; Where, Savannah; By 
whom, English, (Oglethorpe.) Government, Proprietary, 
Charter, Assembly, Change. Events, Invasion of Flori- 
da; Spanish Invasion; Oglethorpe's return to England. 
Progress, Agriculture, C'ommerce, exports, imports; Edu- 
cation; Population. Noted Men, James Oglethorpe, 
Charles Wesley, John Wesley, George Whitfield. 

INTER-COLONIAL WARS. 

KING WILLIAM'S WAR.— War between England 
and France. Cause, Account of James II, King of F]ng- 
land. Time, 1689. Length, 8 years. Battles, Expedi- 
tion against (»)uebec, 1690; Indian Expeditions; Schenec- 
tady Haverliill. Commanders, Gov. Phipps. Treaty of 
Ryswick, 1697. Result, same as before. 



QUEEN ANN'S WAR.— Cause, France and Eng- 
land, to place the son of James on the throne of England. 
Time, 17U2. Length,, 11 years. Battles, Expedition to 
Port Royal, 1707; Second Expedition to Port Royal, 
1710; Invasion of Canada. Treaty, Utrecht, 1713. Re- 
sult, Acadia given to the English. 

KING GEORGE'S WAR.— Cause, Trouble in 
Europe, Time, 1744. Length, 4 years. Battles, Capture 
of Louisburg, 1745. Treaty, Aix La Chapelle, 1748. Re- 
sult, same as before. 

FRENCH AND INDIA "NT W\R.— Cause, overlap- 
ping claims. Time, 1754. Length, 9 years. Objective 
points, Acadia and Louisburg, Crown Point, Ticonderoga, 
Niagara, Quebec. Treaty, Paris, 1763. Result, English 
gained all the territory east of the Mi««^* • " ' River and 
North of Ibprville River. Lost, $16,000,000; 30,000 men. 



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Civil War 




Hxfra sossion of Congress cnllcd. Call iov 4'2Am vol 

HamI ;tsc.|t n.d.in.nclont fror. ti.e rob.I ,>ortion o? o 

fl a bill for raism- Jf;L>0,00(),0()() l,v diivct taxation (V n 
/-•at.on h.ll passed. JHTorson liavis oi'l!:^' a 'noH : 
••n. Tiicn lo leave til.. S„nl|, i,, foHy days. 

ri- l.'^^'y-^'^'";''''!,' ^^'^^^ resigned as ( V.nia,ander-i,i- 

( liicl. J. ,n|,t hctu-een the Ahmitor and Merriuiae elnno- 
uy^ naval wart-ne. fVesidenf Lineoln issued the' F a"n- 

hi niled states lo.ves the observanee ,.f the Sabbath 



MKAS KhS a< ..pled to meet the linaneial part of 
1"<' ( ivH Wnv by the railed States.-l, internal Rev- 
<-mu;, tax on inanntaetnros, ineonio and salaries, stamp 

.N on leo-a doeunien s; L>, Le<.al tender notes as nione 
e lled^reenbaeks; :5, United States i^.nds, o -0 Bonds' 
H) 40 Bonds; 4, National Banl<s. ' 

Sl'MMARV, ISCl b.nVrMu. Davis oflerecl h-tlc-r. 
;!,:''■;''••' -"' -i;nsal. l>resi<l,.nt lan.-oln proelainn-d a 
bliK'kule ot Sonthern ports. Kn-land, France Snaiii 
;nal l>ortn.ua aeknowle.Jo-.d the Sonthern States' as 
li.iivivnts. Mason and Slid<.|| ..aptnn.d. (\all forrjOO) 
vohn.lrers to,p„.|| i|„. n.belli.m ' 



17 



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Petersburg and Richmond captured, April 2 and 3, 
.1865. Retreat of General Lee, April 3 to 9. General 
Lee surrendered to General U. S. Grant at Spottsylvania 
Courthouse, April 9, 1865. General Johnson surrendered 
to General W. T. Sherman, April 26, 1865. General Dick 
Taylor and General Kirby Smith commanding the de- 
partments east and west of the Mississippi River Sur- 
rc^ndered on the same terms as General Lee. President 
Lincoln assassinated April 14, 1865, died April 15, 1865, 
greatly loved by the people. So closed one of the great- 
est of the civil wars of the world, with the result that 
human slavery was wiped out. 

Strength of the North and South: North, 22,000,000 
people; railroad facilities; manufactures; commerce; 
wealth; food production; President Lincoln called for 
300,000 men; sanitary commission; Christian commis- 
sion formed; neutrality proclaimed by England and 
France; 1863, Emancipation Proclamation w^ent in force 
(Jan. 5); Vallandigham sent to the rebel lines; draft 
riots in New York; President Lincoln called for 300,000 
men. 1864, President Lincoln called for 200,000 men; 
200,000 men; 500,000 men; 300,000 men. 1865, President 
Davis captured. 

Result of the War — Abolition of slavery; entire free- 
dom of the country; States Right's question settled; cost 
in money, $2,749,000,000; in men. Union side, killed, 300,- 
000 men, crippled, 200,000 men; Confederate side, 500,000 
men killed and crippled. Vast amount of property de- 
stroyed. 

President Lincoln assassinated April 14, 1865, by 
John Wilkes Booth. Died April 15, 1865. Attempt made 
on the life of Secretary of State, William H. Seward. 
Funeral of the President April 19, 1865. Buried at 
Springfield, Illinois. John Wilkes Booth, the assassin, 
pursued and killed while hiding in a barn, four of the 
conspirators were convicted for life, others for a time at 
hard labor. 



24 



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26 

WASHINGTON'S ADMINISTRATION— Time of 
election, 1789. Politics, none. Terra, 2 terms, 8 years. 
Vice President, John Adams. Diflfioulties, public debt, 
$74,000,000. Domestic affairs. Finances, United States 
Bank and Mint established; National Capitol, Philadel- 
phia and District of Columbia selected. 1792, Cotton gin 
invented by Eli Whitney. 1794, Whiskey rebellion in 
Pennsylvania. 1794, Indian Wars, Foreign affairs, 
Great Britain, Jays Treaty. 1795, Spain and Algiers, 
boundaries and pirates, France, revolution. New States 
admitted, Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee. Political i)ar 
ties. Federalist, Democratic — Republican. Farewell ad- 
dress. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, Thomas 
Jefferson, 1789-1794, from Virginia; Edmund Randolph, 
1794-1795, from Virginia; Timothy Pickering, 1795-1797, 
from Massachusetts. Secretaries of Treasury, Alexandei, 
Hamilton, 1789-1795, from New York; Oliver Walcot't* 
1795-1797, from Connecticut. Secretaries of War, Henry 
Knox, 1789-1795, from Massachusett^; Timothy Picker- 
ing, 1795-1796, from Massachusetts; James McHenry, 
1796-1797, from Maryland. Postmasters General, Sam- 
uel Osgood, 1789-1791, from Massachusetts; Timothy 
Pickering, 1791-1795, from Massachuetts; Joseph Haber- 
sham, 1795-1797, from Georgia. Attorneys General, Ed- 
mund Randolph, 1789-1794, from Virginia; William 
Bradford, 1794-1795, from Pennsylvania; Charles Lee, 
1795-1797, from Virginia. 

JOHN ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION.— Time of 
election, 1796. Politics, Federal. Term, 4 years. Vice 
President, Thomas Jefferson. Internal affairs. Alien 
and Sedition Laws, 1798. French Hostilities. Reprisals, 

1798. Fries' Insurrection, 1798. X. Y. Z. Papers. Treaty 
with Napoleon, 1800. Death of Washington, Dec. 14, 

1799. Vaccination introduced into the United States by 
Dr. Benjamin Waterhouse, 1800. Washington made the 
capital of the United States, 1800. Cabinet Officers — 
Secretaries of States, Timothy Pickering, 1797-1800, 
from Pennsylvania; John Marshall 1800-1801, from Vir- 



27 

ginia. Secretaries of Treasury, Oliver Walcott, 1797- 
1801, from Connecticut; Samuel Dexter, 1801-1801, from 
Massachusetts. Secretaries of War, James McHenry, 
1797-1800, from Maryland; John Marshall, 1800-1800, 
from Virginia. Postmasters General, Joseph Habersham, 
1797-1801, from Georgia. Attorneys General, Charles 
Lee, 1797-1801, from Virginia; Theophilus Parson, 1801- 
1801 from Massachusetts. 

JEFFEESON 'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of 
election, 1800. Politics, Republican. Length of term, 2 
terms, 8 years. Vice Presidents, Aaron Bauer, George 
Clinton. Measures of economy. Louisiana purchase for 
$15,006,000, 1803. 1801, War with Tripoli. 1804, July 4, 
duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton. 1806, 
Blockade of European ports. Right of Search. Chesa- 
peake and Leopard, 1807. Proclamation by the Presi- 
dent. British decree, 1807. Milan decree, 1807. Embar- 
go Act, 1807. Lewis and Clarke's expedition, 1804. In- 
vention of the steamboat by Fulton, 1807. Abolition of 
slavery, 1808. National road, 1806. Non-Intercourse Act, 
1809. States admitted, Ohio, 1802. Cabinet Officers- 
Secretaries of State, James Madison, 1801-1809, from 
Virginia. Secretaries of Treasury, Samuel Dexter, 1801, 
from Massachusetts; Albert Gallatin, 1801-1809, from 
Pennsylvania. Secretaries of War, Henry Dearborn, 
1801-1809, from Massachusetts. Secretaries of the Navy, 
Benjamin Stoddard, 1801, from Maryland; Robert Smith, 
1801-1805, from Mai-yland; Jacob CrowiusMeld, 1805- 
1809, from Massachusetts. Postmasters General, Joseph 
Habersham, 1801, from Georgia; Gideon Granger, 1801- 
1809, from Connecticut. Attorneys General, Levi Lin- 
coln, 1801, from Massachusetts; Robert Smith, 1801-1805, 
from Maryland ; John Breckinridge, 1805-1807, from Ken- 
tucky; Ceasar A. Rodney, 1807-1809, from Delaware. 

MADISON'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- 
tion, 1808. Politics, Republican. Length of term, 2 terms, 
8 years. Vice Presidents, George Clinton, Elbridge Gerry, 



28 

->f t;,. 



"ai with Algiers. Troqtv fn '<*liartered. IRK 
■States admitt'ed, Lo, i a,a' IsV' 7'';'"^''' P«''>v. Ne 
Roberta's "h"''-^- f^«l"^e Ot^^eer; ^S^""'^ ^.««' C 

181] 817 f"'' 18*'-J8", from AfarTltn'r'r''^-' "f S'ate 
iaii-]«]7, from \'ir<nnia «/•''"''' J'^mps Afonme 

''.^^■■t Ca latin, 1800-18 "from 'p"*"'"? "^ 'J-reasu v Al 
^ fS t™ L"?|f^-f ^ W Ham '1^: ^;,a°^;:-> 

IOIO-JH14, from New Yorl-- To ; ' '^^^"^ Arnistroncr 

h-om Virginia,. William Tt' n^"^""! ^^«°^'oe, 1814 181?' 

iiom ^-ennsylvan a- R w n "'""Jones, ]81"!i«i,t 

•^lassaehusetts pA5' " • •^"'OMnirishield 1814 l«iV"J^*' 
]7-1814, ?ro'„ (£nt"?^':rp«f-«'| 6ideo1;'U';„'™'r" 

W it' iIm ^r'"' I>oct,i„o 18-'' J^'^'^l^r ^"'^Pro- 
miyli- ^""'■'da purchased imq ?'T-''''' '^^Wte's 

'.'■«!». 1818; Alabama iK'r '"-'•'• "^'^''^ admitted I? 
A^r l^f-1^^r'^--taries^T'''s a^f ^ Missou^ [ 



29 

1817-1825, from South Carolina. Secretaries of the Navy, 
B. W. Crowninshield, 1817-1818, from Massachusetts; 
Smith Thompson, 1818-1823, from New York; Samuel L. 
Southard, 1823-1825, from New Jersey. Postmasters Gen- 
eral, Return J. Meigs, Jr., 1817-1823, from Ohio; John 
McLean, 1823-1825, from Ohio. Attorneys General, Rich- 
ard Rush, 1817, from Pennsylvania; William Wirt, 1817- 
1825, from Virginia. 

JOHN Q. ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION.— Time of 
election, 1824. Politics, Whig. Length of term, 1 term, 4 
years. Vice President, John C. Calhoun. Prosperity. 
Death of Adams and Jefferson, July 4, 1826. Tariff, 
1828. First railroad, 1827. La Fayette's return to France, 
1825. Party feeling. New parties. Internal improve- 
ments. Creek Indians removed, 1826. Temperance 
movement, 1826. Anti-Masonic part^^, 1826. Cabinet 
Officers — Secretaries of State, Henry Clay, 1825-1829, 
from Kentucky. Secretaries of Treasury, Richard Rush, 
1825-1829, from Pennsylvania. Secretaries of War, 
James Barbour, 1825-1828, from Virginia; Peter B. Por- 
ter, 1828-1829, from New York. Secretaries of the Navy, 
Samuel L. Southard, 1825-1829, from New Jersey. Post- 
masters General, John McLean, 1825-1829, from Ohio. 
Attorney General, William Wirt, 1825-1829, from Vir- 
ginia. 

JACKSON'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- 
Tiion, 1828. Politics, Democrat. Length of term, 2 terms, 
8 years. Vice Presidents, John C. Calhoun, Martin Van 
Buren. Veto United States Bank, 1832 and 1836. Black 
Hawk War, 1832. Tariff, 1832. Nullification Act, 1832. 
Clay's Compromise. Florida War, 1835. General Scott 
takes command. Col. Z. Taylor's victory over the In- 
dians, 1837. Bank and tariff. Rotation in office. Surplus 
of money. Deposits removed, 1832. Speculation. Abo- 
lition movement, 1831. States admitted, Arkansas, 1836; 
Michigan, 1837. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State 
Martin Van Buren, 1829-1831, from New York; Edward 



nil 

nl! 



30 

Livinjs^ston, 1831- 1833, from Louisiana; Louis Mcljaue,, 
1833-1834, from Delaware; John Forsyth, 1834-1887, fro 
Georgia. Secretaries of the Treasury, Samuel D. Ingham, 
1829-1831, from Pennsylvania; Louis McLane, 1831-1833, 
from Delaware; William J. Duane 1833, from Pennsylva- 
nia; Koger B. Taney, 1833-1834, from Maryland; Levi 
Woodburv, 1834-1837, from New Hampshire. Secretaries 
of War, John H. Eaton, 1829-1831, from Tennessee; Lewis 
Cass, 1831-1837, from Ohio; Benjamin F. Butler, 1837, 
from New York. Secretaries of the Navv, John Branch, 
1829-1831, from North Carolina; Levi Woodbury, 1831- 
1834, from New Hampshire; Mahlon Dickerson, 1834- 
1837, from New Jersey. Postmasters General, William 
T. Barry, 1829-1835, from Kentucky; Amos Kendall, 1835- 
1837, from Kentucky. Attornevs General, John McP. 
Berrien, 1829-1831, from Georgia; Roger B. Tanev, 1831- 
1833, from Maryland; Benjamin F. Butler, 1833-1837, 
from New York. 

VAN BUREN'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of 
election, 1836. Politics, Democrat. Length of term, 1 
term, 4 years. Vice President, Richard M. Johnson. 
Panic, 1837. Canadian rebellion, 1837. Ashburtou 
Treaty, 1842. Sub-Treasury Bill, 1840. Cabinet Officers 
— Secretaries of State, John Forsyth, 1837-1841, from 
Georgia. Secretaries of the Treasury, Levi Woodbury, 
1837-1841, from New Hampshire. Secretaries of War, 
Joel R. Poinsett, .1837-1841, from South Carolina. Sec- 
retaries of the Navy, Mahlon Dickerson, 1837-1838, from 
New Jersey; James K. Pauldin^ 1838-1841, from New 
York. Postmasters General, Amos Kendall, 1837-1840, 
from Kentucky; John M. Niles, 1840-1841, from Connecti- 
cut. Attornevs General, Benjamin F. Butler, 1837-1838, 
from New York; Felix Grundy, 1838-1840, from Tennes- 
see; Henry D. Gilpin, 1840-1841, from Pennsylvania. 

HARRISON AND TYT.ER'S ADMINISTRATION. 

— Time of election, 1840. Politics, Whigs. Length of 
term, 1 term, 4 years. Vice President, John Tyler. Har- 



31 

rison died April 1, 1841, (one moiith.) John Tyler be- 
came President. Cabinet resigned, 1841. Veto United 
States Bank. Dorr's rebellion in Rhode Island, 1842. 
Anti-Rent troubles in New York, 1844. Mormons, 1845. 
Texas annexed, 1845. North East Boundary settled. 1844, 
Telegraph invented by Samuel F. B. Morse, first message 
sent, "What hath God wrought!" Dr. William T. G. 
Morton discovered the use of Ether. Emigration. States 
admitted, Florida, 1845. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of 
State, Daniel Webster, 1841-1843, from Massachusetts; 
Hugh S. Legare, 1843, from South Carolina; Abel P. Up- 
shur, 1843-1844, from Virginia; John C. Calhoun, 1844- 
1845, from South Carolina. Secretaries of the Treasury, 
Thomas Ewing, 1841, from Ohio; Walter J'orward, 1841- 

1843, from Pennsylvania; John C. Spencer, 1843-1844, 
from New York; George M. Bibb, 1844-1845, from Ken- 
tucky. Secretaries of War, John Bell, 1841, from Tennes- 
see; John McLean, 1841, from Ohio; John C. Spencer, 
1841-1843, from New York; James M. Peter, 1843-1844 
from Pennsylvania; William Wilkins, 1844-1845, from 
Pennsylvania Secretaries of the Navv, George E. Badger, 
1841, from North Carolina; Abel P. Upshur, 1841-1843, 
from Virginia; David Hensliaw, 1842-1844, from Massa- 
chusetts ; Thomas W. Gilmer, 1844, from Virginia. Post- 
masters General, Francis Granger, 1841, from New York; 
Charles A. Wickliffe, 1841-1845, from Kentucky. Attor- 
neys General, John J. Crittenden, 1841, from Kentucky; 
Hugh S. Legare 1841-1843, from South Carolina; John 
Nelson, 1843-1845, from Maryland. 

POLK'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 

1844. Politics, Democrat. Length of term, 1 term, 4 
years. Mexican War, 1845-1848. Wilmot Proviso, 1846. 
Gold disrovered in California, 1848. Vice President, 
George M. Dallas. New States admitted, Iowa, 1846; 
Wisconsin, 1846. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, 
James Buchanan, 1845-1849, from Pennsylvania. Secre- 
tary of the Treasury, Robert J. Walker, 1845-1849, from 
Mississippi. Secretary of War, William L. Marcy, 1845- 



1849, from New York. Secretaries of the Navy, George 
Bancroft, 1845-1846, from Massachusetts; Jolm Y. Mason, 
1846-1849, from Virginia. Postmasters General, Cave 
Jolinson, 1845-1849, from Tennessee. Attorneys General, 
John Y. Mason, 1845-1846, from Virginia; Natlian Clif- 
ford, 1846-1848, from :Mai7i('; Isaac "Toucoy, 184.S-1849, 
from Connecticut. 

TAYLOR AND FILLMORK'S ADMINSTKATION. 
— Time of election, 1848. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. 
Politics, Whig. Vice President, Millard Fillmore. Slav- 
ery question. Omnihus Bill, 1850. Death of President 
Tavlor, Julv 9, 1850. Millard Fillmore became President. 
Death of Clay and Webster, 1852. Cuba invaded by Fil- 
libusters. Death of Calhoun, 1850. Fugitive Slave Law, 

1850. Department of Interior created. ]V)stage reduced 
to 3 cents i)er half an ounce, except the extreme West. 
New States admitted, California, 1850. Commodore M. 
C. Perrv visited Japan. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of 
State—John M. Clayton, 1849-1850, from Delaware; Dan- 
iel Webster, 18^0-1852, from Massacliusetts; Edward Ev- 
erett, 1853-1853, from Massachusetts. Secretaries of the 
Treasury, William M. Meredith, 1849-1859, from Penn- 
svlvania; Thomas Corwin, 1850-1853, from Ohio. Secre- 
taries of War, George W. C^rawford, 1840-1850, from 
Georgia; Edward Bates, 1850, from Missouri; Charles M. 
Conrad, 1850-1853, from Louisiana. Secretaries of In- 
terior, Thomas Ewing, 1849-1850, from Ohio; James A. 
Pearce, 1850, from Maryland; Thomas M. T. McKennan, 
1850, from Pennsylvania; Alexander H. H. Stuart, 1850- 
1853, from Virginia. Secretaries of the Navv, William 
B. Preston, 1849-1850, from A'irginia; William A. Gra- 
ham, 1850-1852, from North Carolina; John P. Kennedy, 
1852-1853, from Maryland. Postmasters Gen<'ral, Jacob 
Collamer, 1 849-1850, ^from Vermont; Nathan K. Hall, 
1850-1852, from New York; Samuel D. Hubbard, 1852- 
1853, from (Connecticut. Attoineys General, Reverdy 
Johnson, 1 840-1 S.IO, from Marvland; John J. Crittenden, 
1850-1 H.V:, from K<-ntn<'ky. 



33 

PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 

1852. Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. Politics, Demo- 
crat. Vice President, W. R. King, died in office. Gadsden 
purchase, $10,000,000. Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854. Bor- 
der warfare. Brooks-Sumner incident, 1856. Republican 
])arty organized, 1856. American party, 1852. The 
opening of Japan, 1854. World's Fair at New York, 

1853. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, William L. 
Marcy, 1853, 1857, from New York. Secretaries of the 
Treasury, James Guthrie, 1853-1857, from Kentucky. 
Secretaries of War, Jefferson Davis, 1853-1857, from Mis- 
sissippi. Secretaries of the Interior, Robert McClelland, 
1853-1857, from Michigan. Secretaries, of the Navy, 
James C. Dobbins 1853-1857, from North Carolina. Post- 
masters General, James Campbell, 1853-1857, from Penn- 
sylvania. Attorneys General, Caleb Cushing, 1853-1857, 
from Massachusetts. 

BUCHANAN'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- 
tion, 1856. Politics, Democrat. Length of term, 1 term, 
4 years. Vice President, John C. Breckinridge. Dred 
Scott decision, 1857. Fugitive Slave Law. John Brown's 
Raid, 1859. Secession of the South, 1860. Seizing of the 
United States, 1860. Growth of Abolition. Panic, 1857. 
Sub-marine cable, 1858. Douglas and Lincoln Debate, 
1858. Confederate States Government founded, 1861. 
States admitted, Minnesota, 1858: Oregon, 1859; Kansas, 
1861. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, Lewis Cass, 
1857-1860, from Michigan; Jeremiah S. Black, 1860- 1861, 
from Pennsvlvania. Secretaries of the Treasurv, Howell 
CobI), 1857-1860, from Georgia; Philip F. Thomas, 1860- 
1861, from Maryland; John A. Dix, 1861, from New York. 
Secretaries of War, John B. Floyd, 1857-1861, from Vir- 
ginia; Joseph Holt, 1861, from Kentucky. Secretaries of 
the Interior, Jacob Thompson, 1857-1861, from Mississip- 
])ir Secretaries of the Navy, Isaac Toncey, 1857-1861, 
from Connecticut. Postmasters General, Aaron V. 
Brown, 1857-1859, from Tennessee; Joseph Holt, 1859- 
1861, from Kentucky; Horatio Kine*, 1861, from Maine. 



p 



34 



n 



Attorneys General, Jeremiah S. Black, 1857-1860, from 

Pennsylvania; Edwin S .Stanton, 1860-1861, from Ohio. 

♦ 

LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- 
tion, 1860. Politics, Reiniblican. Lenixtli of tenn, 1 term, 
4 years, 1 month, 11 days. Vice Presidents, Hannibal 
Hamlin, Andrew Johnson. Condition of the country. 
Great Civil War, 1-861-1865. Assassination of Lincoln, 
18(i5, ^^mancipation Proclamation, 18611 National 
Banks, 1863. Cost of the War. Conscription of Soldiers 
Results of the War. New States admitted. West Vii 
ninia, 1863; Nevada, 1864. Cabi'net Officers — Secretaric 
of the State, William H. Seward, 1861-1865, from New 
York. Secietaries of the Treasurv, Salmon P. Cha.s«\ 
1861-1864, from Ohio; William P.'Fessenden, 1864-1864, 
from Maine; Hn.!2:h McCulloch, 1865, from Indiana. Sec- 
retaries of War, Simon Cameron, 1861-1862, from Penn- 
sylvania; Edwin M. Stanton, 1862-1865, from Pennsylva 
nia. Secretaries of the Interior (*aleb B. Smith, 18()1 
1863, from Indiana; John P. Usher, 1863-1865, from In 
diana. Secietaries of the Navy, Gideon Welh'S, 1861- 
1865, from C'onnecticnt. Postmasters G(Mieral, Montgom- 
ery Blair, 1861-1864, from Maryland r William Dennison. 
18()4-1865, from Ohio. .Vttornevs General, Edward Bates, 
18«1-1863, from Missouri; Titian J. Coffey, 1863-1864. 
from Pennsylvania; James Speed, 1864-1865, from Ken 
tucky. 

JOHNSON'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- 
tion, 1864. Politics, Republican. Lenij:th of term, 3 jts., 10 
mos., 19 days. Became President on the death of Lincoln. 
Disbandino^ of the Armv, 1865. Reconstruction i)olicy. 
13th AiiM'ndment, 1865. Public debt, $2,700,000,000, 1865. 
Reconstruction policy of Conij^ress, 1865. Seceded States 
admitted. Tenure of Office Bill, 1867. Postal money or- 
der svstem. Civil Rii^hts Bill. The impeacfiment of the 
President, 1868. 14t"h Amendment, 1868. Indian War, 
1865-1868. The French in Mexico. The Atlantic Cabh" 
relaid, 1866. Ahiska j)urchased for $7,200,000, 1><67. Fen- 



35 

ian troubles, 1868. Treaty with China, 1868. Carpet Bag 
Government. Proclamation of Annesty. New States ad- 
mitted, Nebraska, 1867. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of 
State, William H. Seward, 1865-1869, from New York. 
Secretaries of the Treasury, Hugh McCulloch, 1865-1869, 
from Indiana. Secretaries of War, Edwin M. Stanton. 
1865-1867, from Pennsylvania; U. S. Grant, 1867-1868, 
from Illinois; Lor. Thomas, 1868, from Illinois; John M. 
Schofield, 1868-1869, from New York. Secretaries of the 
Interior, John P. Usher, 1865, from Indiana; James HaCr 
Ian, 1865-1866, from loM^a; Orville H. Browning, 1866- 
1869, from Illinois. Secretaries of the Nav}', Gideon Wel- 
les, 1865-1869, from Connecticut. Postmasters General, 
William Dennison, 1865-1866, from Ohio; Alexander W. 
Randall, 1866-1869, from Wisconsin. Attorneys General, 
James Speed, 1865-1866, from Kentuckv; Henrv Stan- 
berry, 1866-1868, from Ohio; William M. Evarts. 1868- 
1869, from New York. 

GRANT'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 
1868. Politics, Republican. Length of term, 2 terms, 8 
years. Vice Presidents, Schuyler Colfax, Henry Wilson. 
Pacific Railroad, 1869. 15th Amendment, 1869. Great 
fires, Chicago, 1871, Forest and Boston, 1872. Treaty of 
Washington. Proposed annexation of San Domingo. Mo- 
doe Indians, 1873. Death of Horace Greeley. Credit Mo- 
bilier Investigation. Railroad panic, 1873. Northern Pa- 
cific Railroad. Greenback movement. North West 
boundary settled. Ku Klux Klan. Centennial Exposi- 
tion at Philadelphia, 1876. Sioux Indian War, 1877, Gen- 
eral Custer slain. Virp-inia Affair, 1868. Joint Electoral 
Commission. Colorado admitted, 1876. Reorganization 
completed. Alabama claims. Weather Bureau, 1870. 
Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, Elihu B. Wash- 
burn, 1869, from Illinois; Hamilton Fish, 1869-1877, from 
New York. Secretaries of the Treasury, George S. Bont- 
well, 1869-1873, from Massachusetts; William A. Rich- 
ardson, 1873-1874, from Massachusetts; Benjarhin H. 
Bristow, 1874-1876, from Kentucky; Lot M. Morrill, 1876- 



36 

1877, from Maine. Secretaries of AVar, John A. Rawlin.s, 
1869, from Illinois; William T. Sherman, 180J), from Ohio; 
William W. Belknap, 1860-1876, from Iowa; Al]»honso 
Taft, 1876, from Ohio; James D. Cameron, 1876-1877, 
from Pennsylvania. Secretaries of the Interior, Jacob D. 
Cox, 186JI-1870, from Ohio; Cohunbns I/eLano, 1870- 

1875, from Ohio; Zachariah Chandler, 1875-1877, from 
Alicliigan. Secretaries of the Navy. Adolph K. Borie. 
18()!), from Pennsylvania; George M. Robe.son, 1860-1877, 
from New Jersey. Postmasters General, John A. J. Cress- 
well, 1869-1874, from Maryland; James W. Marshall. 
1874-1874, from Virginia; Marshall Jewell, 1874-1876. 
from Connecticut; James N. Tyner, 1876-1877, from Indi- 
ana. Attorneys General, Ebenezer R. Hoar, 1868-1870. 
from Massachusetts; Amos T. Ackerman, 1870-1871, from 
(feorgia; George H. Williams, 1871-1875, from Oregon: 
Edward Pierpont, 1875-1876, from i^ew York; Alphonso 
Taft, 1876-1877, from Ohio. 

HAYES' ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election. 

1876. Politics, Republican. Length of term, 1 term, 4 
years. A'ice President, William A. Wheeler. United 
States Trooi)s withdrawn from the South. Chines*' 
Treaty. Halifax Commission. Molly Maguires. Grant V 
lour around the world. Railroad strike, 1877. Bland 
Silver Bill, 1878. Invention of the Tele])hone. Fishery 
award, ($5,500,000.) Indian troubles. Specie ])aymenl 
resumed, 1870. Yellow fever in the South, 1877-1878. 
Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, William M. Ev- 
arts, 1877-1881, from New York. Secretaries of the 
Treasurv, John Sherman, 1877-1881, from Ohio. Secre- 
taries of War, George W. McCrary, 1877-1870, from 
Iowa; Alexander Ramsay, 1870-1881, from Minnesota. 
Secretaries of the Interior, Carl Schurz, 1877-1881, from 
Missouri. Secretaries of the Navv, Ricliard AV. Thoni})- 
son, 1877-1881, from Indiana; Nathan B. GofT, 1881, from 
West Virginia. Postmasters General, David McK. Key. 



37 

1877-1880, from Tennessee; Horace Maynard, 1880-1881, 
from Tennessee. Attorneys General, Charles Devens, 
1877-1881, from Massachusetts. 

GARFIELD AND ARTHUR'S ADMINISTRA- 
TION.— Time of election, 1880. Politics, Republican. 
Length of term, 1 term, 4 years. Vice President, Chester 
A. Arthur. Reform movement. Assassinated July 2nd, 
1881. Died, Sept. 19, 1881, term, 6 months, 15 days. Vice 
President Arthur betame President. Civil Service Re- 
form, 1883. Industrial Expositions, Atlanta, 1881 ; Louis- 
ville, 1883; New Orleans, 1884. Washington Monument 
completed. East River bridge completed. Standard 
time. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, James B. 
Blaine, 1881, from Maine; F. T. Freylinghuysen, 1881- 
1885, from New Jersey. Secretaries of the Treasury, 
William Windom, 1881, from Minnesota; Charles J. Fol- 
ger, 1881-1884, from New York; Walter Q. Gresham, 

1884, from Indiana; Hugh McCulloch, 1884-1885, from 
Indiana. Secretaries of War, Robert T. Lincoln, 1881- 

1885, from Illinois. Secretaries of the Interior, Samuel 
J. Kirkv^Aood, 1881-1882, from Iowa; Henry M. Teller, 
1882-1885, from Colorado. Secretaries of the Navy, Wil- 
liam H. Himt, 1881-1882, from Louisiana; William E. 
Chandler, 1882-1885, from New Hampshire. Postmasters 
General, Thomas L. James, 1881, from New York; Tim- 
othy 0. Howe, 1881-1883, from Wisconsin; Walter Q. 
Gresham, 1883-1884, from Indiana; Frank Hatton, 1884- 
1885, from Iowa. Attorneys General, Wayne McVeagh, 
1881, from Pennsylvania; Benjamin H. Brewster, 1881- 
1885, from Pennsylvania. 

CLEVELAND'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of 
election, 1^84. Politics, Democrat. Length of term, 1 
term, 4 years. Vice President, Thomas A. Hendricks. 
Presidential Succession Act. Electoral Count Act. Inter- 
State Commerce Act, 1887. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1888. 
Oiiicago anarchists, 1886. Charleston earthquake, 1886. 
Department of Agriculture created, 1889. Cabinet Offi- 



38 

cers— Secretaries of State, Thomas F. Bayard, 1885-1889, 
from Delaware. Secretaries of the Treasury, Daniel 
Manning, 1885-1887, from New York; Charles S. Fair- 
child, 1887-1889. Secretaries of War, William E. Endi- 
cott, 1885-1889, from Massachusetts. Secretaries of the 
fntorior, Lucius Q. L. Lamar, 1885-1888, from Missis- 
sippi; William F. Vilas, 1888-1889, from Wisconsin. Sec- 
retaries of the Navy, William C, Whitney, 1885-1889, 
from New YorTc. Secretaries of Agriculture, Norman J. 
Colman, 1885-1889, from Missouri. Postmasters General, 
William F. Vilas, 1885-1888, from Wisconsin; Don M. 
Dickinson, 1888-1889, from Michigan. Attorneys Gen- 
eral, Augustus H. Garland, 1885-1889, from Arkansas. 

HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- 
tion, 1888. Politics, Rei)ublican. Length of term, 1 
term, 4 vears. Vice President, Levi P. Morton. Opening 
of Oklahoma, 1859. Johnstown Flood, 1889. Sioux In- 
dian War. Pension List. McKinley Tariff, 1890. Anni- 
versaries of Constitutional Convention. Inauguration of 
Washington as Presic^ent. World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion, 1893. New States admitted. North Dakota, South 
Dakota, Montana and Washington, 1889; Idaho and Wy- 
oming, 1890. Cabinet Officers — Secretaries of State, 
James G. Blaine, 1889-1892, from Maine; John W. Foster, 
1892-1893, from Indiana. Secretaries of the Treasury, 
William Windom, 1889-1891, from Minnt-sota; Charles 
Fostei-, 1891-1893, from Ohio. Secretaries of War, Red- 
lield Proctor, 1889-1891, from Vermont; Stepli<'n B. El- 
kins, 1891-1893, from West Virginia. Secretaries of the 
Interior, John W. Noble, 1889-18f)3, from Missouri. Sec- 
retaries of the Navy, Benjamin F. Tracy, 1889-1893, from 
New York. Secretaries of Agriculture, Jeremiah M. 
Rusk, 1889-1893, from Wisconsin. Postmasters General, 
John Wannamaker, 1889-1893, from Pennsvlvania. At- 
torneys General, William H. H. Miller, 1889-893, from 
Indiana. 



39 

CLEVELAND 'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of 
election, 1892. Politics, Democrat. Length of term, 1 
term, 4 years. Vice President, Adlai Stephenson. Demo- 
cratic Supremacy. Wilson Tariff Bill. Business Depres- 
sion. Railroad strike. Sherman Act repealed. Force 
Bill repealed. Venezuelan controversy. Hawaii and 
Cuba. New States admitted, Utah, 1896. Cabinet Offi- 
cers — Secretaries of State, Walter Q. Gresham, 1893- 
1895, from Indiana; Richard Olny, 1895-1897, from Mas- 
sachusetts. Secretaries of the Treasury, John G. Car- 
lisle, 1893-1897, from Kentucky. Secretaries of War, 
Daniel S. Lamont, 1893-1897, from New York. Secre- 
taries of the Interior, Hoke Smith, 1893-1896, from 
Georgia; David R. Francis, 1896-1897, from Missouri Sec- 
retaries of the Navy, Hilary A. Herbert, 1893-1897, from 
Alabama. Secretaries of Agriculture, J. Sterling Mor- 
ton, 1893-1897, from Nebraska. Postmasters General, 
Wilson S. Bissell, 1893-1895, from New York; William L. 
Wilson, 1895-1897, from West Virginia. Attorneys Gen- 
eral, Richard Olney, 1893-1895, from Massachusetts; Jud- 
son Harmon, 1895-1897, from Ohio. 

McKINLEY'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of elec- 
tion, 1896. Politics, Republican. Length of term, 1 term, 
41/2 years. Vice Presidents, Garret A. Hobart, Theodore 
Roosevelt. New tariff, 1897. Floods of the Mississippi 
Valley. Discovery of gold in Alaska. Cuban affairs. 
Sinking of the Maine, 1898, at Havana. Revenge de- 
manded. Wireless telegraphy discovered. Galveston de- 
stroyed by a hurricane. War declared, April 25, 1898, 
against Spain. Philippine insurrection. Hawaii annex- 
ed, 1898. Samoan Treaty. Boxer troubles in China. The 
President ^assassinated by Czolgosz, 1901. Theodore 
Roosevelt became President. Cabinet Officers — Secre- 
taries of State, John Sherman, 1897, from Ohio ; William 
R. Day, 1897-1898, from Ohio; John Hay, 1898-1901, from 
Ohio. Secretaries of the Treasury, Lyman J. Gage, 1897- 
1901, from Illinois. Secretaries of War, Russell A. Alger, 
1897-1899, from Michigan; Elihu Root, 1899-1901, from 



40 

New York. Secrotaries of the Interior, Cornelius N. 
Bliss, 1897-1899, from New York; Ethan A. Hitchcock, 
1899-1901 from Missouri. Secretaries of A,j2:riculture, 
James Wilson, 1897-1901, from Iowa. Postmasters Gen- 
eral, Joseph McKenna, 1897, from California; John W. 
Gric^f^s, 1897-1901, from New Jersey; Philander C. Knox, 
1901, from Pennsylvania. 

ROOSEVELT 'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of 
election, 1900. Politics, Re])ublican. Length of tenn, 2 
terms, 7Vo years. Vice President, Charles W. ?\airbanks. 
Cuba, a Republic, 1902. Department of Commerce and 
Labor created. Boundary between Canada and Alaska 
settled. Louisiana Purchase Ex])osition, 1904. Philip- 
]une Insurrection. Hay-Pauncefote Canal Treaty. Mar- 
tinique earthquake. Lewis and Clark Exposition Port- 
land, Oregon, 1905. Jamestown Exposition, 1907. Pana- 
ma Canal. 1902 Coal strike settled. 1905, Portsmouth 
Peace Conference. 1906, San Francisco ?]arthquake. Re- 
form movements. Irrigation. National Parks and Res- 
ervation. New Navy. Battleshi|)s' trip around the 
world. New State admitted, Oklahoma, 1897. Cabinet 
Officers— Secretaries of State, John Hav, 1901-1905, from 
New York; Elihu Root, 1905-1909, from New York; Rob- 
ert Bacon, 1909, from New Y^ork. Secretaries of the 
Treasurv, Lvman J. Gage, 1901, from Illinois; Leslie M. 
Shaw, 1901-1907, from Iowa; Georsre B. Cortelyou, 1907- 
1909, from New York. Secretaries of War, Elihu Root, 
19G1, from New York; William H. Taft, 1901-1908, from 
Ohio; Luke E. Wright, 1908-1909, from Tennessee. Sec- 
retaries of the Interior, Ethan A. Hitchcock, 1901-1907, 
from Missouri; James R. Garfield, 1907-1909, from Ohio. 
Secretaries of the Navy, John D. Long, 1901-1902, from 
Massachusetts; William IT. Moody, 1902-1904, from Mas- 
sachusetts; Paul Morton, 1904-1905, from Illinois; 
Charles J. Bonaparte, 1905-1907, from Marvland; Victor 
H. Metcalf, 1907-1908, from California; Truman H. New- 
berry, 1908-1909, from Michigan. Secretaries of Agricul- 
ture, James Wilson, 1901-1909, from Iowa. Postmasters 



41 

General, Charles E. Smith, 1901, from Pennsylvania; 
Henry C. Payne, 19U1-1904, from Wisconsin; Robert J. 
Wynne, 1904-1905,, from Pennsylvania; George B. Cor- 
telyou, 1905-1907, from New York; George Von L. Mey- 
ers, 1907-1909, from Massachusetts. Attorneys General, 
Philander C. Knox, 1901-1904, from Pennsylvania; Wil- 
liam H. Moody, 1904-1907, from Massachusetts; Charles 
J. Bonaparte, 1907-1909, from Maryland. Secretaries of 
Commerce and Labor, George B. Cortelyou, from New 
York; Victor H. Metcalf, 1904-1907, from California; Os- 
car S. Strauss, 1907-1909, from New York. 

TAFT'S ADMINISTRATION.— Time of election, 

1908. Politics, Republican. Length of term, in office. 
Vice President, James Sherman. Tariff revision. Alaska- 
Yukon-Pacific Exposition, Seattle, Washington, 1909. 
Hudson-Fulton celebration, New York City, 1909. Visit 
of President Taft and President Diaz of Mexico at El 
Paso, Texas. Revolution in Mexico, 1911. New States 
admitted Arizona and New Mexico, 1911. Cabinet Offi- 
cers^Secretaries of State, Philander C. Knox, 1909, from 
Pennsylvania. Secretaries of the Treasury, Franklin 
MacVeagh, 1909, from Illinois. Secretaries of War, 
Jacob M. Dickinson, 1909-1911, from Tennessee; Henry 
L. Stimson, 1911, from New York. Secretaries of the In- 
terior, Richard A. Ballinger, 1909-1911, from Washing- 
ton ;Walter L. Fisher, 1911, from Illinois. Secretaries of 
the Navy, George Von L. Meyers, 1909, from Massachu- 
setts. Secretaries of Agriculture, James Wilson, 1909, 
from Iowa. Postmasters General, Frank H. Hitchcock, 

1909, from Massachusetts. Attorneys General, George 
W. Wickersham, 1909, from New York. 



ABBOTT, JOHN S. C— Born, 1805; died, 1877; 
Congregational Minister; Historian; Author, Napoleon 
Bonaparte, Napoleon III, Civil War, 1861-1865. 



42 

ABBOTT, JACOB— Born, 1803; died, 1879; Congif 
jfrational Minister; Professor of mathematics, Amlier.- 
College; Author of the RoUo Books, Lucy Books an 
other popular books for the children. * 

ADAMS, JOHN— Born, 1735, Braintree, Massacln 
setts; died, 1826. Son of a farmer and shoemaker. R( 
ceived a classical education at Harvard College. Stuc 
ied law. Married Abigail Smith, 1764. Opposed th 
stamp act. Delegate to Continental Congress, 1774 an 
1775. Advocated separation from Mother Count r> 
Member on committee on Declaration of Independenc 
and Foreign Affairs. Drew up the articles of treaty an 
argued them through Congress. 1777, Minister t 
France; 1781, Minister to England; 1782, Minister t 
settle the separation; 1789, tirst Minister to Great Bril 
ain. Vice President, 1789 to 1797. President, 1797-1801 
Died, 1826, July 4, Fiftieth Anniversary of the Unite' 
States. 

ADAMS, JOHN Q.— Son of John Adams, born, 176^ 
Braintree, Massachusetts. Graduated from Harvard 
College. Studied law. Minister to The Hague, 1794 
Minister to Portugal; Minister to Berlin, 1797. Leade 
of the Federal Party. Minister to Russia. Minister t 
England. Secretary of State under Monroe. Electe* 
President of the United States. Professor of Belle Let 
tres in Harvard College. Elected to Congress, 183C 
Died 1848, Feb. 23, at Washington, D. C. 

ADAMS, CHARLES F.— Son of John Q. Born ii 
Boston, 1807. Graduated at Harvard College. Studiec 
law. Member of the Massachusetts Legislature. Fre* 
Soil candidate for Vice President. Congressman. Min 
ister to Great Britain, 1861-1868. Able Oi^.lr.mnt. Dice 
1886. 

ADAMS, SAMUEL^Born in Boston, 1722. Promin 
ent leader in the Revolutionary ])eriod. Write the pro 



43 

test ■which Boston made against the Stamp Act. Leader 
in debate. Member of Continental Congress. Governor 
of Massachusetts. Died, 1803. 

AGASSIZ, LOUIS— Born in Switzerland, 1807. Died 
at Cambridge, Mass., 1873. Naturalist. 1846, Professor 
of Zoolosfv and Geology, Harvard College. Made explor- 
ations in Brazil and South Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. 
Popular lecturer. A remarkable teacher. 

ALCOTT, LOUISA M.— Born, 1833. Author of 
books for children. Hospital nurse, 1861-1865. 

ALDRICH, inOMAS B.— Poet and novelist, born 
1836 at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. Editor Atlantic 
Monthly, 1881. 

ALLEN, ETHAN— Born, 1738; died, 1789. Briga- 
dier General, American Army. Hero of Fort Ticon- 
deroga. Leader of the Green Mountain Boys. 

ALLSTON, WASHINGTON— Born, 1779; died, 
1843. Painter and poet. Deeply religious. Many of his 
pictures are scenes from the Bible. 

ANDERSON, ROBERT— Born, 1805; died, 1871. 
Graduated from West Point. Served in the Mexican and 
Civil Wars. Hero of Fort Sumter, 1861. 

ARNOLD, BENEDICT— Born, 1741, at Norwich, 
Connecticut; died, 1801, in London, England. Served in 
the French and Indian War and Revolutionary War, 
1775-1780. Served in the American Army, Major Gen- 
eral. Became a traitor in 1780. Served in the British 
Army. Lived in obscurity till his death. 

ARTH/JR, CHESTER A.— Born, 1830, in Vermont; 
died, 1886. Son of a Baptist Minister. Graduated from 
Union College. Studied law. Quartermaster General for 
New York, 1861-1865. Prominent in Politics. Collector 
of Customs at the Port of New York. Elected Vice Pres- 
ident. Became President on the death of Garfield. 



44 

BANCROFT, GEORGE— Historian; born in 1800, a( 
Worcester, Mass.; died, 1891. Graduated at Ilai-vard 
(\)llege. Studied in Germany. Author of History of the 
Tnited States in 12 volumes. Collector of Port of Boston. 
Secretary of the Navy. Minister to England. Minister 
to Germany. 

BEECHER, HENRY WARD— Divine author and 
orator. Born, 1813, in Connecticut; died, 1887. Studied 
in Amherst C^ollege and Lane Seminary. A great preach- 
er. A noted lecturer and orator. Published star papers. 
Founded the Christian Union. Author of Life Thoughts, 
Life of Christ, Norwood, a novel. 

BELL, ALEXANDER G.— Inventor.' Born in 1847, 
in Scotland. Educated at Edinburgh and Germany. 
1872, introduced the system of deaf-mute instruction into 
the Ui>ited States. Professor in Boston University. In- 
vented the Telephone, Photophone and Graphophone. 

BLAINE, JAMES G.— Statesman. Born, 1830, in 
Pennsylvania. Graduated at Washington College. 
Taught school. Studied law. Moved to Augusta, Maine. 
Became an editor. Member of the Legislature. Became 
Congressman. Si)eaker of the House, 1869-1875. Secre- 
tary of State. Candidate for President. Author of 20 
Years in Congress. Leader of the House of the death o! 
Stevens. Able and ready debater. Died in 1893. 

BAKER, GEORGE— Poet. Born, 1823, in Philadel- 
l)hia, Pa. Author of War Poems. Book of the Dead. 
Minister to Turkey and Russia. 

BOOTH, EDWIN T.— Actor. Bom, 1833, in Mary- 
land; died, 1893. Educated for the stage. Most brilliant 
carreer in his profession. 

BOONE, DANIEL— Hunter and Pioneer. Born, 
1735, in Pennsylvania. Moved to North Carolina. Led 



45 

a band of settlers to . Kentucky. Many adventures with 
the Indians. Removed to Missouri. Died in 1820. Bur- 
ied at Frankfort, Kentucky. 

BRANT, JOSEPH— Indian Chief. Burn in Ohio, 
1742. Educated in Connecticut. Fought on the British 
side during the Revolutionary War. After the war he 
used his influence to preserve the peace between the In- 
dians and the United States. Became an earnest Chris- 
tion. Translated the Gospel of St. Mark and English 
Prayer Book in to the Mohawk language. Died in 1807. 

BRYANT, WILLIAM C— Poet and Author. Born, 
1794, in Massachusetts. Studied at Williams' College. 
Studied law. Author of Thanatopsis. Editor of New" 
York Evening Post. Author of other Poems. Died in 

1878. 

CALHOUN, JOHN C— Statesman.,, Born, 1782, in 
South Carolina. Graduated from Yale College. Studied 
law. Served in the Legislature. Member of Congress. 
Secretary of War. Vice President. LTnited States Sen- 
ator. Advocate of Free Trade. Advocate of States 
Rights. Secretary of State. United States Senator. '\ 
Died, 1850. - ^ 

CAMERON, SIMON--Statesman. Born, 1799, in 
Pennsylvania. Printer. United States Senator. Presi- 
dential candidate, 1860. Secretary of War. Minister to 
Russia. United States Senator. Died, 1889. 

CAMPBELL, ALEXANDER— Theologian. Born, 
1788, in Ireland. Educated in Glasgow University. Came 
to the United States. Founder of the Church, Disciples 
of Christ. Founder of Bethany College, West Virginia; 
Founder of (heir Church Organ. Died, 1866. 

CASS, LEWIS— Statesman. Born, 1782, in New 
Hampshire. Studied law. Officer in the War of 1812. 
Governor of Michigan. Superintendent of Indian Af- 
fairs. Explorer of the Upper Lakes. Secretary of War. 



46 

U. S. Senator. Minister to France. Presidential candi- 
date Secretary of State. Author. Died, 1860. 

CHANNING, WILLIAM E.— Theologian. Born. 
1780, in Rhode Island. Graduated from Harvard College. 
Eloquent sermons. Author. Died, 1842. 

BACHE, ALEXANDER D.— Born, 1806, in Phila- 
del])hia, Pa.; died, 1867. Great grandson of "Benjamin 
Franklin. Graduated at West Point. Professor in Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. President of Girard College. 
Superintendent of the United States Coast Survey. Re- 
gent Smithsonian Institute. A noted scientist. 

CLAY, HENRY— Statesman. Born, 1777, in Vir- 
ginia. Education meagre. Studied law. Able lawyer. 
Member of State Legislature. U. S. Senator. Memberof 
State Legislature. U. S. Senator. Member of Congress. 
Speaker of the House. Commissioned to make treaty at 
Ghent. Author of the Missouri Compromise, 1820. Pres- 
idential candidate 1824, 1832, 1844. Secretary of State. 
U. S. Senator from Kentucky. Died, 1852. 

CLEMENS, SAMUEL L., (Mark Twain.)— Humor- 
ist. Born, 1835, in Missouri. Printer. Author of Inno- 
(^ent Abroad. Publisher. Died, 1910. 

COOPER, JAMES F.— Novelist. Born, 1789, New 
Jersey. Studied at Yale. Entered the Navy. Author. 
Busy writer. Died, 1851. 

DAHLGREEN, JOHN A.— Naval officer. Bom, 1809, 
in Pennsylvania; died, 1870. Entered the Navy as mid- 
shipman. Emjiloyed in the ordnance department. In- 
N'entor of the Dahlgreen gun, and rifled cannon. 

DALLAS, GEORGE M.— Statesman. Born in Pemi 
sylvania, 1792; died, 1864. Educated in Pliiladelphi;i 
Private Secretarv to Albert Gallatin. Studied law. Held 
City and State offices. U. S. District Attorney. U. S. 
Senator. Minister to Russia. Minister to England. Vice 
President U. S. 



47 
• 
DANA, JAMES D.— Naturalist. Born in New York, 
1813; died, 1895. Educated at Yale College. Scientific 
observer under Wilkes. Associate Editor of American 
Journal of Science. Professor of Natural History and 
Geology in Yale College. Author of Manual of Numerol- 
ogy and Geology. 

DANA, CHARLES A.— Journalist. Born in New 
Hampshire, 1819; died, 1897. Managing editor of the 
New York Tribune. Assistant Secretary of War. Found- 
er of the New York Sun. With George Ripley planned 
and edited the New American Cyclopaedia, and Revised 
American Cyclopaedia. 

DANA, RICHARD H.— Poet and Essayist. Born in 
Massachusetts, 1787. Studied at Harvard College. 
Studied law. Associate editor of North American Re- 
view. Poems, The Dying Raven, and Buccaneer. Best 
work in the field of criticism. Published "Idle Man." 
Died, 1879. 

DANA, RICHARD H., JR.— Author. Born in Mass., 
1815; died, 1882. Educated at Harvard College. Com- 
mon sailor. Studied law. Two years before the mast 
and other literary work. 

DARLEY, FELIX D. C— Artist. Born in Pennsyl- 
vania, 1822; died, 1888. Early devoted to drawing. De- 
voted himself entirely to art, illustrated in books. Out- 
line drawings in Irving 's. Sleepy Hollow, Cooper's and 
Dickon's novels. Some of the finest figures on the Gov- 
ernment and legal tender notes were designed by him. 
Author of sketches abroad with pen and pencil. 

DECATUR, STEPHEN— Naval officer. Born in 
Maryland, 1779. Killed in a duel by Commodore Bar- 
ron, "l820. Midshipman. Tripolitan War. War of 1812. 
Punished the Algerians. 

DE KALB, JOHN BARON— Military officer. Born 
in Alsace, 1721. Mortally wounded at Camden, 1780, 



48 

died 3 days later. Served in tlic French Army. Secret 
mission to America. Joined the American Army. Major 
General in the Revolutionary Army. 

l)p]WP]Y, GEORGE— Naval oflicer. Born in Ver 
mont, 1837. Graduated from Naval Academy. Served 
in the Civil War, Spanish-American War. Won naval 
victory in Manila Bay, May 1, 1898. Made Admiral. 

DIX, JOHN A.— Military oflicer. Born in Ne^ 
Hampshire, 1798; died, 1879. Enterd the Army; resign 
ed. Studied law. Secretary of State for New York. I 
S. Senator. Secretary of U. S. Treasury. Issued thi 
famous order, "If anyone attempts to haul down th( 
'American Flag,' shoot him on the spot." Major Gen- 
eral. Minister to France. Governor of New York. 

DOUGLAS, STEPHEN A.— Statesman. Born in 
Vermont, 1813; died, 1861. Poor parents*. Studied at 
Canadaigua Academy. Studied law. Movt-d to Illinois. 
Attorney General of Illinois. Member of* State Legisla- 
ture. Secretary of State of Illinois. Judge of State Sup- 
reme Court. Member of Congress. 0))iiosed to Slavery. 
U. S. Senator. Author of Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Nom- 
inee for President. Oi)})osed Secession. 

DOUGLASS, FREDERlClv— Slave, Oiator and 
Journalist. Born, 1817, Maryland; died, 1895. Ran 
away. Settled in Massachusetts. Lectured against 
Slavery, 1841. Editor, and Minister to Hayti. 

DRAKE, JOHN R.— Poet.. Born, 1795, in Ne^\ 
York; died, 1820, of consumi)tion. Author of Culprit 
Fay. American Hag and witty poems. 

DRAPER, JOHN W.— Chemist and author. Born 
in England. Came to the United States. Studied medi- 
cine at Pennsylvania University. Professor of Chemis- 
try in llam[)ton Sydney College, Va. Professor in Uni- 
versity of the City of New Y'ork. Author. Died, 1882. 

EADS, JAMES B.— Civil Engineer. Born in Indi- 
ana, 1820; died in 1887. Built Iron Clads for the Govern- 



49 

ment. Built a steel arch bridge across the Mississippi 
River at St, Louis. Improved the Channel of the Missis- 
sippi River. 

EDISON, THOMAS A.— Inventor. Born in Ohio, 1847. 
Educated by his mother. Newsboy on the Grand Trunk 
line. Experimented in chemistry. Studied telegraphy. 
Studied electricity. Invented an automatic repeater. 
Superintendent of the New York Gold & Stock Co. In- 
vented the printing telegraph, Duplex telegraph, the 
phonograph, telephone, electric light for illuminatiom. 
Called the Wizard of Menlo Park. 

EDWARDS, JONATHAN— Theologian. Born in 
Connecticut, 1703; died, 1758. Studied at Yale College. 
Tutor. Studied for the Ministry. Missionary to the In- 
dians. President of Princeton College. Author of the 
Freedom of the Will. America's most original thinker. 

EMERSON, RALPH W.— Essavist. Born in Mass., 
1803; died, 1882. Graduated at Harvard College. Stud- 
ied Theology. Pastor Unitarian Church. -Resigned. 
Lecturer and writer. Moved to Concord. Corresponded 
with Carlyle. 

ERICSSON, JOHN— Inventor. Born in Sweden, 
1803. Died in New York, 1889. Entered Swedish Army. 
Went to England. 1839, came to the United States. De- 
signed the warship Princeton. Built the Monitor. Other 
inventions. Buried in Sweden. 

EVARTS— Statesman. Born in Mass., 1818. Grad- 
uated at Yale College. Studied law. Chief counsel for 
President Johnson in the impeachment trial. Attorney 
General of the United States. U. S. Counsel before the 
Alabama t:#ibunal. Senior Counsel for Henry Ward 
Beecher. Secretary of State. U. S. Senator. 

EVERETT, EDWARD— Statesman. Born in Mass., 
1794; died, >665. Graduated from Harvard College. 
Studied for the ministry. Professor of Greek, Harvard 



50 

College. Studied at Gottiiigen University. "Wrote arti 
cles for the North American Review. Elected to Con 
gress. Governor of Massachusetts. Minister to England. 

EVERETTS, EDWARD— President of Harvard 
College. Secretary of State. U. S. Senator. Nominee 
for Vice President. Delivered many orations. Delivered 
Dedicatory address at Gettysburg. 

FARRAGUT, DAVID G.— Greatest Naval officer. 
Born in Tennessee, 1807. Entered the Navy at 9 years, 
(-aptured New Orleans. Captured Mobile. Admiral of 
the United States Navy. Died, 1870. 

FIELD, CYRUS W.— Merchant and Scientist. Born 
in Mass., 1819; died, 1892. Pai)er manufacturer. Laid 
the first Atlantic Cable. Helped to develop the elevated 
railroad system. 

FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN— Statesman and Philos- 
opher. Born in Massachusetts, 1706; died, 1790. Educa- 
tion scant. Learned the printer's trade. Went to Phil- 
adelphia. Went to England. Returned to Philadelphia. 
Editor of Philadelphia Gazette. Member of Assembly. 
Discovered lightning and electricity. Member of the 
Royal Society. Receievd honorary degree from Oxford 
and Edinburgh. Member of Continental ('ongress. 
Postmaster General of the Colonies. Sent to France. 
Elected President of Pennsylvania. Author of Poor 
Richard's Almanac, 

FREEMONT, JOHN C— Exi)lorer. Born in Georgia, 
1813; died, 1890. Entered the Navy. Professor of Math- 
ematics in the Navy. Entered the Army. Ex])lored th<' 
Rocky Mountains. Discovered Freemont's Peak. Join- 
ed American settlers in California. Governor of Califor- 
nia. S(Miator from California. Nominee for President. 
Major (leneral in Civil War. Governor of Arizona. 
Member of the Royal Geographical Society of London. 
Member of-tlie Geographical Society of Berlin. 



51 

FULTON, EGBERT— Engineer. Born in Pennsyl- 
vania, 1765; died, 1815. Studied painting. Studied me- 
chanics. Went to England. Made inventions. Built 
the first steamboat. 

GALLATIN, ALBERT— Statesman. Born in Switz- 
erland, 1761. Studied at Geneva University. Came to 
America. Served in the Continental Army. Professor 
of French in Harvard College. Settled in Pennsylvania. 
Naturalized in 1786. Whiskey Rebellion. Member to 
Congress. Secretary of Treasury. Commissioner to 
Ghent. Minister to France. Minister to England. De- 
voted to literature. Wrote on the American Indians. 
Died, 1849. 

GARFIELD, JAMES A.— Statesman. Born in Ohio, 
1831. Poor. Worked on the farm. Canal boatman. At- 
tended public schools. Studied at Hiram College. Grad- 
uated at William's College. President of Hiram Col- 
lege. Preacher. Studied law. State Senator. Colonel 
and Brigadier General and Major General. Civil War. 
Congressman. Leader of the Republican party. U. S. 
Senator. Elected President. Assassinated by Guiteau 
Died, 1881. 

GOUGH, JOHN B.— Lecturer. Born in England, 
1817. Died in Pennsylvania, 1886. Came to America, 
1829. Worked on a farm. Book store. Lost position 
through dissipation and drunkenness. Signed the Tem- 
perance pledge. Spent his life in Temperance work. A 
great speaker. Lectured in United States and England. 
Author of Sunlight and Shadow. 

GRANT, U. S.— Military Leader. Born in Ohio, 
1822; died, in 1885. Graduated from West Point. Served 
in the Mexican War. Resigned. Farmer and in the 
leather business. Civil War. Made Lieutenant Gener- 
al. Elected President. Visited Europe. Banking busi- 
ness. Wrote personal memories. 

GRAY, ASA— Botanist. Born in New York, 1810; 
died, 1888. Studied Medicine. Studied Botany. Pro- 



52 

lessor of Botany at Harvard Collei^o. Roij:ent Sjnithson- 
iau liistitnt»ion. Autlior of scries of Botanies for schools. 
Successful teacher. 

(JREELKY, HORACE— Journalist. Born Ln New 
Hampshire, 1^11. P^ducated in the eonnnon schools. 
Studied i)rintin,ii:. Became editor. Started the New 
Vorker. Founded tlie New York Tribune. p]lected to 
Congress. Bail for Jefferson Davis. Candidate for Pres- 
ident. A popular speaker. A great editor. Well known 
w ritei-. Author of the American Conflict. Died 1872. 

GREENE, NATHANIET.— Military man. Born in 
Riiode Island, 1742; died, 178(i. Quaker. Member of the 
State Assembly. Became a soldier. Brigadier General. 
(^)uarter Master General. Major General, next to Wash- 
ington. 

, HALLECK, FITZ GREENE— Poet. Boin in Con- 
necticut, 1790. Died, 1867. Descended from John Eliot. 
Bank Clerk. Private Secretary of John Jacob Astor. 
Wrote poetry for the New York Evening Post. Longest 
poem, "Fanny." Famous poem, Marco Bozzaris, Young 
AmciMca. 

HAMILTON, ALFLXANDER— Statesman. Born in 
the West Indies, 1757. Killed in a duel with Baron Burr, 
1804. Son of a merchant. Educated at Columl)ia Col- 
lege. Wrote a series of pajn^rs in defence of the C'olonies. 
J^^ntered the Army. Aide de camp to Washington. Stud- 
ied law. Member of Congress. Member of the Constitu- 
lional Convention. Wi-ote ol articles in defence of the 
< 'onstitution in the Federalist. vSecrclMry of the Treas- 
ury. Major General. Leader of the Federalist party. 

HAMLIN, HANNIBAL— Statesman. Born in 
Maine, 1809; died, 1891. Studied law. Speaker of the 
State Legislature. Congressman. U. S. Senator. Gov- 
ernor. U. S. Senator. Vice l*rcsident of the V. S. U. S. 
Senator. Minister to Spain. 



53 

HANCOCK, JOHN— Statesman. Born in Massa^ 
cliusetts, 1737. Merchant. Member of State Legislature. 
President of Continental Congress. First to sign Dec- 
laration of Independence. Major General. Governor. 
Fine speaker. Died, 1793. 

HANCOCK, WINFIELD S.— Military man. Born 
in Pennsylvania, 1824; died, in 1886. Educated at West 
Point. Served in the Mexican War. Major General in 
the Civil War. A brave and fearless leader. 

HENRY, PATRICK— Statesman. Born in Virginia, 
1736. Storekeeper, farmer and lawyer. Opposed the 
vStamp Act. Member of Continental Congress. Govern- 
or. Died, 1799. 

HOLMES, OLIVER W.— Writer and Poet. Born in 
Massachusetts, 1809; died, 1894. Graduated from Har- 
vard College. Studied law. Studied Medicine. Profes- 
sor of Anatomy at Dartmouth and Harvard Colleges. 
Author. 

HOWE, ELIAS — Inventor. Born in Massachusetts, 
1819. Worked at manufacturing. Invented the sewing- 
machine. Served as a private in the 7th Connecticut 
Regiment. Civil War. Died, 1867. 

IRVING, WASHINGTON— Writer. Born in New 
York, 1783; died, 1859. Studied law. Literary career. 
Traveler. Author. Minister to Spain. Secretary to the 
American Legation at London. 

JACKSON, ANDREW— Military man. Born in 
South Carolina, 1767; died, in 1845. Wori^ed on the 
farm. Enter/jd the Revolutionary Army. Studied law. 
District Attorney. Fought in the. Indian Wars. Mem 
ber of Congress. U. S. Senator. Judge qf State Supreme 
Court. Major General of the Militia. Major General U. 
S. Army. New Orleans. Elected President. Retired 
from public life. 



54 

JAY, JOPTN— Jurist. Born in New York, 1745; died, 
1829. Graduated at Columbia College. Studied law. 
Member of Continental Congress. Member of New York 
Constitutional Convention. Minister to Spain. Commis- 
sioner to negotiate Treaty of Peace. Secretary of For- 
eign Affairs. One of the autbors of tbe Federalist. Cbief 
Justice. Made Treaty witb England. Governor. 

JEFFERSON, THOMAS— Statesman. Born in Vir- 
ginia, 1743. Educated at Williams and Mary College. 
Studied law. Member of tbe Legislature. Member of 
tbe Assembly. Member of the Continental Congress. 
Author of the Declaration of Independence. Governor. 
Minister to France. Secretary of State. Elected Vice 
President. Elected President. Founder of tbe Univer- 
sity of Virginia. Louisiana Purchase. Died, July 4, 1826. 

JOHNSON, ANDREW— Statesman. Born in North 
Carolina, 1808. Died, 1875. Poor parents. Learned the 
tailoring business. His wife taught him writing and 
arithmetic. Natural political leader. Alderman. Mayor. 
Member of the Legislature. State Senator. Congress- 
man. Governor. U, S. Senator. Leader of Southern 
Union Men. Military Governor. Elected Vice President. 
President. Impeachment trial. U. S. Senator. 

JONES, JOHN PAUI.— Naval Officer. Born in 
Scotland, 1747. Died, 1792. Son of a gardener. Became 
a sailor. Settled in Virginia. Took the name of Jones. 
Became a naval officer. Successful in his exploits. Gold 
medal from Congress. Entered the Russian. Navy. 

KANE, ELISHA K.— Explorer. Bom in Pennsyl- 
vania, 1820. Graduated from Pennsylvania University. 
Studied medicine. Entered U. S. Navy as Surgeon. 
1850, accom])anied Grinnell's expedition in search of Sir 
John Franklin. 1853, commander of expedition for same 
inirpose. Not successful. Returned home, 1855. 1856, 
went to P^ngland and Cuba for his health, died, 1857. 

KING, RUFUS— Statesman. Born in Maine, 1755. 
Died in New York, 1827, Graduated at Harvard College. 



55 

Studied Law. Delegate to Continental Congress. Mem- 
ber of the Constitutional Convention. Minister to Eng- 
land. TJ. S. Senator. Minister to England. 

KOSCIUSKO, THADDEUS— General. Born in Pol- 
and, 1746. Died, 1.817, in Switzerland. Killed by the 
fall of his horse over a precipice. Educated in France. 
Returned to Poland. Came to America, 1777. Became 
a Brigadier General. Returned to Poland. Defended 
his country against the Russians. Prussians captured by 
the Russians. Prisoner two years. Visited the United 
States. Received pension and grant of land from Con- 
gress. • 

LAFAYETTE, MARIE JEAN PAUL ROCH YOES 
GILBERT MOTIER MARQUIS DE— General. Born in 
France, 1757; died, 1834. Married at 16 years. Entered 
the Army. 1777 came to America. Friend of Washing- 
ton. After the War returned to France. Member of the 
French Assembly. Presented the Declaration of Rights. 
Commander of the Citizens. Fought in the French Revo- 
lution. Captured and held prisoner by the x\ustrians. 
Liberated through Bonaparte's efforts. Member of the 
Chamber of Deputies. Visited America, 1824. Active 
part in the Revolution of 1830. Congress gave him $200,- 
000 and a township of land for his service during the 
Revolutionary War. 

JAMES LAWRENCE— Naval Officer. Born in New 
Jersey, 1781; died, 1813. Entered the Navy. Served in 
the Tripolitan War and War of 1812. Mortally wounded 
1813. Uttered the words: "Don't give up the ship." 

LEE, HENRY— Military. Born in Virginia, 1756. 
Graduated fr6m Princeton College. Joined the Revplu- 
tionary Army. Calvary leader. "Light Horse Harry." 
Member of Congress. Governor of ViVglnia. Member 
of Congress. Offered resolutions on the death of Wash- 
ington, containing the often quoted words: "First in 



56 

war; first in peace, and first in the hearts of his country, 
men." Was injured in the riot at Baltimore, 1814, from 
which he never recovered. Died in 1818. 

LINCOLN, ABRAHAM— Statesman. Born in Ken 
tucky, 1801). Assassinated 18fi5 by Jolin Wilkes Booth. 
Poor ])arents. Mother died when 9 years old. Educa- 
tion meagre. Worked on the farm. Read much. Clerk 
in a store, moved to Illinois. Surveyor. Went to New 
Orleans. A'illage Postmaster. Member of State LciS^isla- 
ture. Served in Black Hawk War. Studied law. Mem- 
ber of Conj^ress. Member of State Lee^islature. Candi- 
date for \^ice Presidencv. Debate with Douirlas. Candi- 
date for U. S. Senator.' Elected President.' Civil War. 
Emancipation Proclamation. 

LOGAN, JOHN A.— Statesman. Born in Illinois, 
1826; died, 1886. Education meagre. Served in the Mex- 
ican War. Studied law. Member of State Legislature. 
Member of Congress. Entered the Army at the begin- 
ing of the Civil War. Became Major General. Resigned 
his commission. Member of Congress. U. S. Senator. 
Candidate for Vice President. One of the founders of 
the Grand Army of the Republic, Instituted Memorial 
Day. Author. 

LONGFELLOW, HENRY W.— Poet. Born in Mass- 
achusetts, 1882. Graduated at Bowdoin College. Wrote 
])0€»ms while at college. "The Moravian Nuns, Spirit of 
Poetry, Woods in Winter. Professor of Foreign lang- 
uages, at his Alma Mater. Wrote })rose and i>oetry. Pro- 
fessor in Hnrvard (\)llege. Publislicd his poems in book 
form. 

LOWELL, JAMES R.— li^)et. Born in Massachu 
setts, 1S19; died, 1891. Gradiuitcd at Harvard College. 
Studied law. Professor of Modern Languages at Har- 
vard College. Editor of Atlantic Monthly. Editor of 
North American Review. Wrote Poetry. Minister to 
Spain. Minister to England. 



57 

McCLELLAN, GEORGE B.— Military. Bom in 
Pennsylvania, 1826. Died, 1885. Graduated at West 
Point. Engineer corps. Mexican War. Railroad busi- 
ness. Civil War. Major General. Organizer. Candi- 
date for President. Governor of New Jersey. 

McCORMICK, CYRUS H.— Inventor. Born in Vir- 
ginia, 1809. Engaged in the manufacturing business. 
Invented the self binders and other machines. Endowed, 
the McCormick Presbyterian. Theological Seminary. 

McKINLEY, WILLIAM— Statesman. Born in Ohio, 
1843. Assassinated, 1901. Educated in the public 
schools. Served in the Civil War. Major. Studied law. 
Member of Congress. Governor of Ohio. Elected Presi- 
dent. Spanish- American War. 

MADISON, JAMES— Statesman. Born in Virginia, 
1751; died, 1836. Graduated at Princeton College. Mem- 
ber of Continental Congress. Member of State Legisla- 
ture. Member of the Constitutional Convention. Mem- 
ber of Congress. Secretary of State. Elected President. 
Pure and able man. 

MARSHALL, JOHN— Jurist. Born in Virginia, 
1755; died, 1835. Studied law. Served in the Revolution. 
Member of the State Legislature. Envoy to France. 
Member of Congress. Secretary of State. Chief Justice. 

MEADE, GE0RG7 G.— Military. Born in Spain, 
1815; died, 1872. Graduated at West Point. Served in 
the Mexican War. Coast Survey. Civil War. Hero of 
Gettysburg. Able General. 

MONROE, JAMES— Statesman. Born in Virginia, 
1758; died, 1831. Studied at William and Mary College. 
Served in IJie Revolutionary War. Lieutenant Colonel. 
Minister to England. Governor of Virginia. Secretary 
of Virginia. Minister to France. Minister to Spain. 
Congress. \J. S. Senator. Minister to France. Governor 
xStudied law. Member of State Legislature. Member q£ 
of State. Elected President. Monroe Doctrine. 



58 

M(=)NTGOMERY, RICHARD— Military. Born 1; 
[relaiKl, \7'M\ Killod at Qiiol)ec, 1775. Entcn'd the 
Army. Sottlcfl in America. Entered the Revolutionary 
Arm\. Bri^^adier General, Led expedition to Canada. 

MOODY, DWIGHT L.— Evanj?elist. Born in Mas^ 
aelmsetts, 18.']7. Died, (?) Entered a ])usiness career 
Attended Sunday School. Became an enthusiastic Chri- 
lian worker. Went to ('hica<i:o. A tireless \vork<'r in. store 
and church. Sunday School sco;nt. Began his mission 
work. Began a great revival among the soldiers at the 
recruiting camp, Chicago. AVorked in the tield in the in- 
terest of the sick and wuonded, on the batth*lield and 
hos])itals. Became pastor of a chlirch in Chicago. Held 
great revivals throughout the country. In connection 
with Ira Saukay he went to England to hold revivals. 
Estal)lish(Hl the Suninier School for Bible study at Xorth- 
lield, Mass. Established at the same }tlace an institute 
for training young men for the same line of work. Hi- 
sermons ha\'e been i)nblished. 

MORRIS, ROBERT— Financier. Born in England, 
1734. Died, 1806, in Pennsylvania. Came to Pennsylva- 
nia. Entered a counting house. Opposed the Stamj) 
Act. ^Member of Congress. Signed the Declaration oi' 
Indei>endence. Su])erinten'dent of Finances. Establish- 
ed the Bank of North America. Issued his own notes foi- 
$1,000,0(10 which were re})aid. Senator. T^ost his foi 
tune. In i>rison for debt. 

MORSE, SAMUEL F. B.— Inveniui. iUnu in Mass- 
achusetts, 1791; died, 1872. (Jradnated at Yale (\)llege. 
Studied ]»ainting. Invented the Telegraph. First sub 
marine cable. His system a(h>pted in Enrop.' R.-c'Ivcd 
international gifts. 

MOTLEY, JOHN L.— Historian. Born in Massachu- 
setts, 1814: died, 1877. Studie<I at Harvard College and 
(ierman Universities. Author of a history of the Dutch 
Republic. Contributor to Atlantic Monthly, London 
Times. Minister to K*ussia. Minister to England. 



59 

PARKMAN, FRANCIS— Historian. Born in Massa- 
chusetts, 1823; died, 189>8. Graduated at Harvard Col- 
lege. Studied law. Wrote historical accounts of the 
French power in America. 

PAYNE, JOHN H.— Dramatist. Born in New York, 
1792; died 1852. Actor. Wrote plays. Yv^rote "Home 
Sweet Home." Had no real home the last 40 years of 
his life. 

PEABODY, GEORGE— Merchant. Born in Massa- 
chusetts, 1795. Died in England, 1869, Entered a mer- 
cantile career., Had several branch stores. Moved to 
London. Opened a banking house. Made large fortune 
during the Civil War. Gave away during his life time 
$5,500,000. $3,500,000 for educational purposes in the 
South. $2,500,000 in building model homes for the poor 
in London. Offered the title of Baron by Queen Vic- 
toria. Declined it, asked only for a letter as a memorial. 
Buried at Peabody, Mass. 

SEWARD, WILLLIM H.— Statesman. Born in New 
York, 1801; died, 1872. Graduated at Union College. 
Studied law. State Senator. Governor. U. S. Senatoi". 
Leader of the Whig and Republican Parties. Secretary 
of State. Trent affair. Alabama claims. Alaska pur- 
chase. 

SHERIDAN, PHILIP H.— Militarv. Born in New 
York, 1831; died, 1888. Graduated at West Point. Civil 
War. Able General. Never lost a battle. General, the 
highest grade. 

SHERMAN, WILLIAM T.— Militarv. Born in 
Ohio, 1820; difd, 1891. Graduated at West Point. Sem- 
mole War. California. Resigned his commission. Bank- 
ing business. Studied law. Superintendent of Military 
Academy. Louisiana. Civil War. General of the Army. 

SUMNER, CHARLES— Statesman. Born in Mass- 
achusetts, 1811; died, 1874. Graduated at Harvard Cql- 



6o 

lege. Stiidicd law. Editor of American .Tiirist. Lecturer 
on Law, Harvard College. U. S. Senator, from 1S50 to 
1874. 

^rAVF.OR, BAYARD— Author. Born in Pennsylva- 
nia, LSi^O; died, 1878. Learned i)rinting. Traveler. 
Wrote i)oetry travels and novels. Translated Faust. 
Minister to Germany. 

WASHINGTON, GEORGE— Statesman and Gener- 
al. Born in ^'irginia, 1732; died, 1799. Became a sur- 
veyor. French and Indian War. Commander-in-Chief 
of the A^irginian forces. Served under Braddock. Mar- 
ried Mrs. Martha Cutis, (a widow.) Member of the Vir- 
ginia Legislature. Conunander-in-Chief of the American 
x\rmy. Resigned his commission. President of t)ie Con- 
stitutional Convention. Elected first President. Fare- 
well address. Retired to his home at Mount Vernon. 
Lieutenant General. First in war, first in jjeace, and 
first in the hearts of his countrymen. 

WAYNE, ANTHONY— Military. Born in Pennsyl- 
vania, 1745; died, 1796, Surveyor. Entyred the Revolu- 
tionary Army. Major General. Commander-in-Chief. 
Commissioner. "Mad Anthony." 

WEBSTER, DANIEL— Statesman. Born in New 
Hampshire, 1782. Died in 1852. Scanty schooling. Grad- 
uated at Dartmouth College. Taught in an academy. 
Studied law. Congressman. Moved to Boston. A fin- 
ished orator. Member of Congress from Massachusetts. 
U. S. Senator. Webster-Hayne debate. Secretary of 
State. U. S. Senator. Secretarv of State. Ashburton 
Treaty. "Black Dan." 

WEBSTER, NOAH— Lexicographer. Born in Con- 
necticut, 1758; died, 1843. Studied at Yale College. 
Served in the Militia. Teacher. Published books and 
lectured. Taught in an academy in Philadelphia. Stud- 
ied law. Edited a magazine and newspajx'r. Published a 
(Jranunar. Compiled his dictionary. Standard Diction- 
ary of the English Language. Webster's Spelling Book. 



6i 

One of the founders of Amherst College. Member of the 
Massachusetts Legislature, and also of Connecticut. 

WEST, BENJAMIN— Painter. Born in Pennsylva- 
nia, 1738; died, 1820. Began painting when young. Stud- 
ied in New York and Philadelphia. Went to Italy. Sett- 
led in London. A historical painter. One of the found- 
ers of the Roval Academy. Best paintings are ' ' Death of 
Wolfe," "Christ Healing the Sick." 

WHITNEY, ELI — Inventor. Born in Massachu- 
setts, 1765; died, 1825. Studied at Yale College. Taught 
school. Studied law. Invented the Cotton Gin. Manu- 
factured fire arms.^ 

WHITTIER, JOHN G.— Poet. Born in Massachu- 
setts, 1807; died, 1892. Farmer boy. Studied at Haver- 
hill Academy.' Wrote verses for Garrison, Free Press 
and Local Newspapers. Editor of the Manufacturer and 
New England Weekly Review. Farmer. Editor. Anti- 
Slavery Society. 



62 
CIVIL GOVERNMENT. 



NECESSITY OF GOVERNMENT.— Mau is a social 
ixMiiiC. niitic's. Rights. Eamily and soliool. Civil So- 
ciety. Constitution. Laws. 

LOCAL GOVERNMENT, . TOWNSHIP.— Citizen- 

slii]), Townsliip Officers, Assessor, Tax Collector, Con- 

stal)le, .fnsticc of tlic Peace. Sc1i<)(»| l)Iivr'tnrs \ii(liim>. 

Duties. 

COUNTY OFFICERS.— County Seat. Officers, 
.ludge of Court, Sheriff, Treasurer, District Attorney, 
Clerks of the Courts, Recorder, Surveyor, Auditor, Cor- 
oner, Superintendent of Schools, Commissioners. 

DUTIES OF COUNTY OFFICERS.— Town Gov- 
ernment. Division. Boroughs. Burgess. Council. 
Laws, ordinances. Officers. Constables. Justices of the 
Peace. School Directors. Supervisor. Constable. 

City Government, Charter, Divided, wards, precincts. 
I)e])artnients, Police, Street, Fire, Water, Law, Tax, 
Councils, Select, Common. 

STATE GOVERNMENT.— Constitution. Di^mrt- 
ments. Legislative, Senate, time 4 years; House of Rep- 
resentatives, 2 years; Executive, Judicial. Executive, 
Officers, Governor, Lieutenant (rovernor. Secretary of 
State, Treasurer, Attorney (leneral. Adjutant General, 
Auditor General, Insurance Commissioner, Su|)eriutend- 
c!it of Public Instruction. Election, Elected, A])pointed. 

Duties of the Officers, Judicial, Courts, Justice of the 
Peace, County Courts, Superior Courts, Supreme Courts. 
Suits at Law. Board of Pardon. Form of Government, 
Monarchy, Absolute, Limited; Aristocracy, Democracy, 
Re])ul)lican, Combination of different forms. 

COLONIAL GON'ERNMENT OF AMERICA— Rise, 

l^iffer-Mif r\iloin..< Royal, Gov»'rnor, appointed ])y the 



63 

Upper House, the Sovereign; Lower House, elected by 
the People. Proprietary, Governor, appointed by the 
Upper House, Proprietor; Lower House elected by the 
People. Charter, Governor, Upper House, Lower House, 
elected by the people. 

Attempts to form a Union of thef Colonies — 1643, 
New England Confederacy. 1754, Albany Convention. 
1765, Parliament taxes the Colonies. Opposition of the 
Colonies to Taxation. 1765, Stamp Act Congress. 1774, 
First Continental Congress. 1775, Second Continental 
Congress. 1776, Declaration of Independence. 1777, Ar- 
ticles of Confederation. 

Articles of Confederation, necessary for same. Feat- 
ures of the Articles. (Were ten.) Called United States. 
States retained their sovereignty. Legislative Depart- 
ment in but one body. Each State represented from 2 
to 7 delegates. But one vote allowed each State. No 
National Courts. No Provision made for President. Na- 
tional matters under control of Congress. No amend- 
ment in force until notified by all the States. Notifica- 
tion of every State was necessary to adopt the Articles, 
as the law of the land. \ 

Its Defects— In their purpose. Any State was high- 
er than the Alliance. Congress consisted of one body. 
No definite number of Representatives. No judicial or 
executive department. No law could be enforced or in- 
terpreted. Difficulty in amending the Articles. 

Forming the Constitution. Object. 1786, Trade 
Convention. 1787, Constitutional Convention. Plans 
suggested, Virginia plan, New Jersey plan, Hamilton's 
plan, PrVlckney's plan. Compromises in the Constitu- 
tion. Completed. Ratified by States. The three Great 
Papers, Declaration of Independence, We, therefore, the 
Representatives of the United States, etc.; Articles of 
Confederation, We, the undersigned delegates, etc.; Con- 



64 

stitution says, We, the people of tlie United States, etc. 
Men and Constitutions. Federalist. Beginning of the 
new rjoveninient. 

Constition.' Preambh^ Scrliun 1 to .s, Ariicle I, 
Legislative. Congress. Senate. House of R< presenta- 
tives. Cheek on each other. House of Re])resentatives. 
'Elected for a term of two years directly by the people. 
25 years of age. 7 years a citizen of the United States. 
Must be resident from the State which he is to repre- 
sent. Foreigner may ])ecome a representative after a 
residence of 12 years. Must live 5 years in the United 
States to become a citizen. 7 years a citizen making 12 
years in all. Apportionment. Census. Basis of repre- 
sentation. 14th Amendment. A'acancies, how filled. 
Power of Impeachment. Officers of the house. Speaker, 
Chaplain. Clerks. Sergeant at Arms. Doorkeepers. 
Postn\asters. Pages. Election. Time for Assembling. 
P<)wers\of the house. Judges of the Qualifications of its 
members.~^^)uorum necessary. Makes its own rules. 
Keeps Jouri^il votes. Adjournment. Com})ensatioji. 
Free from arrest. Exclusion from office. Disabilities. 
Originate Revenue Bill. Manner of Passing Bills. How 
become laws, thiee ways, 1st method, 2nd method, 3rd 
method, veto. Constitutional laws. Statute laws. Con- 
current orders resolutions, etc. 

Senate — Two Senators from tvidi Stale, t lioscn by 
the legislature. Term six years. Each Senator has one 
vote. Three classes. Every two wears the Senate will 
change one-third of its members. Vacancies. Qualifi- 
cations. 30 years of age. Nine years a citizen of the 
Pnited States. Must be an inhabitant of the State for 
which lie shall be chosen. Foreigner must be 14 years in 
the country before he can become a Senator. Vice Presi- 
dent is the pH'siding officer, has no vote unless equally 
<livided. Officers. President Protem. • S j'tlain. Clerks. 
Sergeant at Arms. Doorkccprs. Postmaster. Pages. 
Tries Im])eaflim('nt. Two-third convict. Chief .lustioe 



65 

presides when the President is tried. Judgment in cases 
of impeachment. Is Judge of the election of its own 
members. Makes its own rules. Journal. Compensa- 
tion. Exclusion from office. Freedom from arrest. Dis- 
ability. 

Section 8. — Powers of Congress. To lay and collect 
taxes. Duties. Imports. Excises. To pay debts. Provide 
£or the common defense. Kind of taxes, Direct, seldom 
laid, according to Census; Indirect, always laid, must be 
uniform. Indirect Taxes, duties, specific, ad valorum, 
compound. Tariff, Protective, Revenue. Internal Rev- 
enue. Borrow money. Regulate commerce. Aids to 
Commerce, protection and growth of fisheries; life sav- 
ing service; light houses and buoys; surveying coasts and 
harbors; protecting seamen; weather bureau; encourage 
building of railroads. Naturalization. Bankruptcy. Im- 
migration. Money, paper and coin. Weights and Meas- 
ures. Establish Postoffices and Post roadfe. Copyrights. 
Patents. Encourage the Promotion of Science. Consti- 
tute Inferior Courts. Define and punish Piracy, Felony, 
etc.. To declare wai:. Grant letters of Marque and Re- 
prisals. To raise and Support Armies. Establish Mili- 
tary Academy. To provide and maintain a Navy. Es- 
tablish Naval Academy. To make rules for the govern- 
ment and regulation of the land and naval forces. To 
call out the Militia. To provide for organizing, arming 
and disciplining the Militia. Supervises the District of 
Columbia, the seat of Government. To make laws to en- 
force the Constitution. Powers denied to Congress and 
States. Migration of Slaves. Slave trade. Habeas Cor- 
pus. Bill of Attainder. Ex-Post Facto Laws. Capita- 
tion and other Direct Taxes. Exports not to be taxed. 
Treat Commerce and Seaports alike. How money can 
be drawn from the treasury. No title of nobility to be 
granted. Presents. 

States. To close a war. To fix boundaries. To set- 
tle commercial disputes. To effect the return of escaped 



66 

criminals. To keep a standing army. To coin money. 
Executive Department. l\)\ver, President. Officers, Vice 
President and Cabinet Officers. Term, 4 years. Presi- 
dential electors. Who may be electors. Nomination and 
election of officers. Original method of electing a Presi- 
dent. Present mode of electing a President. Meeting of 
the Electors. Counting the votes. Election by the Hou.se. 
Failure of the House to elect. Inaugural date. Elector- 
al Commission. Election of Vice President. Elected by 
the Senate. Electoral College. Qualifications. Natural 
born citizen. 35 years of age. 14 years a resident witli- 
in the United States. Vacancies, by death; removal; res- 
ignation, inability. Presidential Succession. Compensa- 
tion. Oath or affirmation. Power and Duties. Com- 
mander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy. Appoints his 
Cabinet Officers, Secretary of State, 1789; Secretary of 
the Treasury, 1789; Secretary of War, 1789; Attorney 
General, 1789; Secretary of the Navy, 1798; Postmaster 
General, 1829; Secretary of Interior, 1849; Secretary of 
Agriculture, 1888; Secretary of Commerce and Labor, 
1903. May with the concurrence of Senate make treaties. 
Appoint Ambassadors. Other public ministers. Judges, 
etc. Cabinet Officers. Governors 'of Territories. Fill 
vacancies during recess of Senate. Give from time to 
time to the Congress information of the State of the Un- 
ion. Call extraordinary Sessions of Congress. Impeach- 
ment. Court Martial. 

Judicial Department, Justice. Complexity of the 
Law. Courts, Supreme Court, (1). Circuit Courts, (9). 
District Courts, ^78). Court of Claims, (1). One Court 
of the District of Columbia. Territorial Courts, (3). 
Business, Civil and Criminal Cases. ..lurisdiction. Equity. 
Cases arising under the Constitution. Cases in which 
the United States is a party. Controversy between citi- 
zens of different States. Controversy between a State or 
its citizens, foreign States, citizens or subjects. Power. 



67 

A State caiinot be sued by a citizen in a Federal Court. 
Original jurisdiction. Appellate Jurisdiction. Trials by 
Jury. Place of trial. Alien Law. Treason. 

Miscellaneous Provisions, State Records. Privileges. 
Fugitives from Justice. Return of Criminals. Extradi- 
tion Treaties. Fugitives from Services. Fugitives from 
labor. Admission of new States. Change from Territory 
to State. States formed from parts of Old States. Dis- 
trict of Columbia. Territorial Expansion. Rules con- 
cerning Territories. Government of Territories. Amend- 
ments to the Constitution. 

Amendments — Methods, two ways for proposing 
Amendments. Two ways for ratifying Amendments. Ex- 
ception to the power of Amendment. New method of 
Direct Taxation. .Public Debt. Supreme Law. Oaths 
and Religious Tests. Ratification of the Constitution. 



68 
AMENDMENTS. 

First — Freedom of Religion; Freedom of the Press; 
Kiglits to assemble and to petition. 
Second — The right to bear arms. 
Third — Quartering Soldiers. 
Fourth — Search Warrants. 

Fifth — Trial for Crime; Trial Pror-fdurc; Sfi/im' of 
Property by the Government. 

Sixth — Rights of Accused Persons. 

Seventh — Trial of Civil Cases; Common Law; Civil 
Cases and Jury. 

Eighth — Punishments. 

Ninth — Rights retained by the peoi)le. 

Tenth — Powers of the State; Powers of the People. 

Eleventh — Judicial Powers. 

Twelfth — Present "method of electing a President 
and Vice President. 

Thirteenth — Slavery Prohibited. 

Fourteenth — Citizenship; new method of apportion- 
ing; Representatives; disqualification to hold office; valid- 
ity of the Public Debt. 

Fifteenth — Right to vote. 

The first ten Amendments were ratified in 1791. Tlie 
Kleventh Amendment in 1798. The Twelfth Amendment 
in 1S04. The Thirteenth Amendment in 18(55. Tlie Four- 
1e«'nth Amendment in 18(38. Tiie P"'ifteentli Amendment 

in 1H70. 



69 

SLAVERY QUESTION.— 1619, Slavery introduced. 
1787, Ordinance of 1787, prohibiting slavery in Nortli- 
v.^est Territory. 1787, Debate in the Constitutional Con- 
vention, debating slavery. Compromises. 1808, Slave 
trade stopped. 1820, Missouri Compromise. 1831, Wil- 
liam Lloyd Garrison published the Liberator. 1845, An- 
nexation of Texas. 1846, Wilmot Proviso. 1850, Com- 
promise and Fugitive Slave Law. 1854, Kansas-Ne- 
braska Bill. 1857, Dred Scott's Decision. 1859, John 
Brown's Raid. 1860-1861, Secession of the Southern 
States. 1861-1865, Civil War. 1863, Emancipation Proc- 
lamation. 1865, Thirteenth Amendment. 1868, Four- 
teenth Amendment. 1870, Fifteenth Amendment. 

POLITICAL PARTIES.— Ideas of men differ. How 
parties are formed. Utility of several parties. Political 
parties in the United States, Federalist, Anti-Federalist, 
Republican, Democrat, Whigs, Abolitioners, Know-Noth- 
ing or American Party, Republican, Prohibition, Social- 
ist, Greenback. Political Conventions, National, State, 
County, City, Ward, Township. 

PROCLAMxiTION.— Meaning" of the term. Wash- 
ington's Proclamation. Jefferson's Proclamation. Lin- 
coln's Proclamation. Thanksgiving Proclamation. Proc- 
lamations as Laws. 

Mason and Dixon's Line. Conflicting Claims. Boun- 
dary Surveyed. Historical Meaning. Present Meaning. 

Northwest and Southwest Territories. Cessions 
claimed by the States. Settlement of the territories and 
their admission as States. Ordinance of 1787. Oregon 
County. Expedition of Lewis and Clark. Astoria. Joint 
occupation of Oregon. Dr. Whitman. Boundary settled. 
The Flag. "Uncle Sam." Arbitration. Peace Confer- 
ence. Passports. Pensions. Why Granted? Cost. Reg- 
ulation. Distribution. 



70 

QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW ON THE U. S. HISTORY, 
CONSTITUTION, ETC. 

Who were the original inhabitants of America? How 
may tlicv have eome from Asia to America? AVho were 
tiic Mound Builders ? Which tribes of Indians were the 
most civilized? What relics of the Indians are found in 
the U. S.? Where found? For what used? Give proof 
of their antiquity. What is a tribe? A confederacy? 
Why called Indians? Were there any mechanics among 
the Indians? Were they progressive? How did they re- 
gard work ? What was the life of the women? What can 
you say of his power of endurance? Religion? Idea of 
God? What is the condition of the Indians today? Are 
the Indians increasing or decreasing? 

Describe the discoveries of the Northmen. What 
relics or souvenirs of them are now existing? AVere the 
discoveries of any real value? What was the geogra])hi- 
cal knowledge of Europe in the Fifteenth Century? Give 
your reasons why sailors could not cross the ocean before 
as then ? By what route were goods brought to and from 
the East? Who interfered? Why? What commercial 
problem had to be solved that day? What nation tried 
to solve it? What was Columbus' idea? Why did he 
seek assistance? Who at last gave him aid? Why did 
Queen Isabella sell her jewels? How many vessels com- 
]>osed his fleet? Give some incidents of the voyage, dis- 
f^overy of land. What was the result of this discovery? 
Why did he seek a westward j^assage? What other dis- 
coveries did he make? Did he benefit by his discovei'ies? 
Who did? Why was America not named Columbia? D<'- 
scj'ibe the discoveries of (\ibot, Vespucci, Ponce de Leon, 
Balboa, De Soto, Drake, Magellan. Of what value were 
these discoveries? 

What four nations explored what is naw the United 

States? A\'li;i< i»;ii't did each ('\]>]()i'('? WllcTl. ulicre ;n)d 



by whom was the first settlement in the United States 
made ? In the Eastern part ? Western part ? What was 
the extent of the English possessions in 16001 The 
French possessions? The Spanish possessions? Who 
were the Huguenots ? Where did they form a settlement 1 
Why did the Spanish destroy it? Who retaliated? 

Who was Champlain? Tell how he made the Iro- 
quois the enemies of France? Why did the Jesuits come 
to America? Tell of their heroism. Who wds Marquette? 
Joliet? Who was La Salle? From which of the explor- 
ers were there any permanent results? When did Eng- 
land begin to play an important part? How do you 
know? What was the Spanish Main? Who was Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert? What was his fate? Who was 
Raleigh? What is a patent? Why was Virginia so nam- 
ed? What about tobacco? What two companies were 
formed in England? What grant of land did each re- 
ceive? What is a charter? What provisions were in the 
charters of the companies? Upon what did the Dutch 
claim their rights? What Countries were marked by ex- 
plorations? By settlements? 

What were the claims of the Spanish? Of the 
French? Of the English? Of the Dutch? Did they 
know the extent of their claims? Why did they con- 
flict? How were they settled? 

Name the thirteen colonies. Upon what basis was 
each settled? Name the different kinds of Colonial gov- 
ernments. In what way are the following connected 
in the settlements of the Colonies? Pocahontas? John 
Smith? Massasoit? Powhatan? Miles Standish? 
Roger Williams? William Penn? Lord Baltimore? 
Governor Bradford? Berkeley? Bacon? King Philip? 
Why did the Colonies try to form a union ? Which Col- 
ony was excluded and why? What troubles did the Col- 
onies have with the Indians? Why? 



72 

What were the Colonial wars? The cause of each? 
What was the result? Name important events of each? 
Describe the people of the New P^ngland Colonies? Mid- 
dle Colonies? Southern Colonies? The life? Why did 
they differ in each part or section? What was the state 
of manufactures? Commerce? Trade between the Col- 
onies? How carried on? What can you say about the 
money ? 

What were the two quarrels between the Colonies 
and the British officials? What were the direct causes of 
the Revolutionary war? War of 1812? Mexican War? 
Civil War? Spanish-American War? What was the in- 
direct cause of each of the above wars? 

Who was Wolf el Montcalm? William Pitt? Ben- 
jamin Franklin? George Washington? Gen. Greene? 
Gates? Gage? Gen. Howe? La Fayette? Scott? Jef- 
ferson? John Adams? John Hancock? Samuel Adams? 
Charles Carroll? Gen. Brown? Gen. Jackson? Paken- 
ham? Hoss? Taylor? Harrison? Isaac Hull? Decat- 
ur? Lawrence? Paul Jones? Robert Fulton? McCor- 
mick? Morse? Washington Irwing? J. F. Cooper? 
Cyrus P'ield? Alex. Bell? Edison? Abraham Lincoln? 
Andrew Johnson? Thaddeus Stevens? Edwin Stanton? 
W. H. Seward? U. S. Grant? McClellan? Sherman? 
Meade? Sheridan? Rosecrans? Hancock? R. E. Lee? 
J. E. Johnson? A. S. Johnson ? Jefferson Davis? Thom- 
as? Hood? McKiuley? Cleveland? Garfield? Roose- 
velt? P'arragut? Porter? Dewey? Schley? Cornwal- 
lis? In what connection do they figure in our country's 
history? 

Give an account of Arnold's Treason. Who were 
connected with it? What was the fate of each? What 
minor disturbances of rebellions did the United States 
have to content with sinco 1788? W^^n did the Constitu- 
tion go into effect? What three liranches has it? Of 
what does eacli consist? What can you say about your 



73 

State Constitution? What can you say about your local 
government? What panics were there in the United 
States since 1789? What was the cause of each? What 
important Indian wars since 1789? Name the Indian 
readers of each war. Name the American leaders of each 
Indian war. What was the United States Bank? Mis- 
souri Compromise? Omnibus Bill? Emancipation Proc- 
lamation? Dred Scott's decision? Nullification? Com- 
promise of 1850? Kansas-Nebraska Act, i Electoral 
Commission? Civil Service Reform? Presidential Suc- 
cession Bill? 

What amendments have been made to the Constitu- 
tion since 1789? Of what does each one treat? What 
battle changed the naval warfare? Why? What were 
the Alabama Claim? How was it settled? Name some 
important earthquakes that have occurred in the United 
States. Tornadoes? What are the Insular possessions 
of the United States? How were they acquired? 

Which of the Presidents were assassinated? By 
whom? What was their reason for doing it? Name the 
expositions held in the United States? For what pur- 
pose held? What are some of the reasons for the great 
industrial development of the United States? What is 
a trust? A trade Union? Give some details of the de- 
velopments of Mining, Agriculture, Lumbering, Manu- 
factures, Herding, Commerce, Transportation, Educa- 
tion, Literature, Invention. Mention the different steps 
in the different territorial acquisitions of the United 
States. 

Who were the three greatest American Statesmen 
in the first half of the Nineteenth Century? What are 
they often called? Why? In what way did they dis- 
tinguish themselves? 

In what connection with out country's history are 
the following connected: Clay? Webster? Calhoun? 
Benton? Cass? Hoe? West? Putnam? Perry, (O. 



OCT 21 1912 



74 

II.)! Massasoit? Powhatan? King Philip? Brant. 
Red Jacket? Pontiac? Teeiimseh? Weatherford? Sit 
ting Bull? Black Hawk? Pocahontas? Osceola? 

AVhich of the administrations were epoch makers ol 
our country's history? What events led to the same? 
(rive the names of tlie American ex])lorers to the Polar 
regions? What did they accomplish? What other noted 
American explorers were there and what did they ex 
pi ore? 



